Cryptocurrency - The Times Of Central Asia

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Kazakhstan Unveils Alatau: Investor-Led City with Crypto Ambitions

A major new urban development project is underway in Kazakhstan’s Almaty region, where a city named Alatau is being built with an emphasis on private investment and innovation. According to Zhaslan Madiyev, Minister of Digital Development, Innovation, and Aerospace Industry, the city is envisioned as a "magnet" for both domestic and international investors. Initially known as G4 City, the Alatau project was designed as a “smart city” comprising four interconnected districts: Gate District - A financial and business hub Golden District - A center for education and healthcare Growing District - An industrial and logistics zone Green District - An area for recreation and entertainment The development plan for Alatau aims to attract KZT 3.7 trillion (approx. $7.2 billion) in investment and expand the population from 52,000 to 2 million residents. The city will also be part of a special economic zone, with over 170 projects valued at KZT 12.5 trillion (around $24.4 billion) earmarked for implementation. Speaking at the Astana International Forum (AIF), Madiyev stated that the city could take one of two development paths: state-funded, as in the cases of Astana and Turkestan, or developed as a platform for private investment. “There are several options for how the city can be developed,” he said. “Alatau can be made a platform for investors. However, this requires an environment where the private sector can thrive. We need to design the entire landscape to support that in Alatau.” Madiyev also proposed key regulatory and infrastructural reforms to attract foreign investors. English should become the city’s main business language, cryptocurrency should be permitted for free circulation, and foreign nationals should be allowed to purchase real estate. These initiatives, he argued, would help position Alatau as a hub for education and tourism. “This city can become a magnet for young people who dream of living in places like Dubai,” Madiyev said. “We hope they will choose Alatau.”

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$15 Billion in Crypto Withdrawn from Kazakhstan Amid Calls for Tighter Controls

Approximately $15 billion worth of cryptocurrency has been withdrawn from Kazakhstan, a figure disclosed by Berik Sholpankulov, Deputy Chairman of the National Bank. The exodus highlights systemic issues in the country's digital finance regulations. Billions in the “Gray Zone” According to Sholpankulov, the primary driver of this significant capital outflow has been the absence of robust regulatory frameworks governing digital finance. "Today, the volume of crypto assets withdrawn from the country amounts to $15 billion. The fact is that there was insufficient administrative and legal regulation in place to allow citizens to invest safely,” he stated during a briefing. In response, the National Bank plans to introduce sweeping changes, including administrative and criminal penalties for the illegal circulation of cryptocurrencies and their unauthorized transfer abroad. Sholpankulov also indicated that the authorities may soon begin naming individuals involved in illicit transactions. “Perhaps we will also hold a briefing and announce by name who spent what in the ‘gray’ zone. But [there] will already be administrative and criminal prosecution,” he stated. Transparency and Licensing: Key Reforms Legislative amendments are currently under development to legitimize and open Kazakhstan’s digital asset market. The initial step will involve licensing all market participants, such as cryptocurrency exchanges and digital service providers, through the Astana International Financial Center (AIFC). Licensed entities operating through the AIFC will enable residents to legally buy and sell digital assets. All transactions will be monitored and transparent, giving the state tools to prevent illegal financial flows. A dedicated platform is also being launched under the National Bank to test emerging digital technologies and services before a broader rollout. Strategic Shift Toward a Digital Economy These reforms extend to Kazakhstan's cryptocurrency mining sector. Large-scale operators will be permitted to build independent power plants to reduce their reliance on the national power grid, thus improving operational stability and economic feasibility. Deputy Minister of Digital Development Kanysh Tuleushin emphasized that establishing a legal market for digital assets marks a pivotal phase in the country's economic transformation. The relevant authorities aim to implement a fully regulated and transparent cryptocurrency market by the end of 2025. Kazakhstan's competitive advantages, including affordable electricity, vast space, and a supportive legal infrastructure, position it well to attract investment and build a robust digital ecosystem. If fully realized, the reform package could elevate Kazakhstan to a leading position in the region for legal cryptocurrency operations, stimulating job creation, and curbing shadow capital outflows. Previously, The Times of Central Asia reported that MP Olzhas Kuspekov had proposed strengthening state controls over cryptocurrency circulation, including blocking access to unlicensed exchange platforms.

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Kazakhstan’s Crypto Aspirations Face a Power Problem

Kazakhstan’s First Deputy Minister of Digital Development, Innovation, and Aerospace Industry, Kanysh Tuleushin, believes that state-regulated cryptocurrency mining could generate substantial revenue and help modernize the country's energy infrastructure. Tuleushin argues that Kazakhstan has the potential to become Central Asia’s leading blockchain hub. However, this vision clashes with the country’s ongoing energy crisis, which continues to impact households and businesses. Optimistic Vision In an article published in the state newspaper Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, Tuleushin outlined how mining operations could contribute to the development of Kazakhstan’s power generation capabilities. He emphasized the use of associated petroleum gas (APG) to produce electricity for mining, which he claims would reduce carbon emissions and boost oil sector profits. “Miners can help modernize the power grid. In the U.S., they participate in grid balancing by consuming excess energy during low-demand periods. Kazakhstan already has a ‘70⁄30’ initiative, where foreign investors upgrade thermal power plants, allocating 70% of new capacity to the general grid and 30% to miners,” Tuleushin wrote. Tuleushin reported that cryptocurrency mining has brought 17.7 billion tenge to the national budget over the past three years. Meanwhile, trading volume on the Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) exchanges increased from $324.2 million in 2023 to $1.4 billion in 2024. From January 1, 2025, miners will be required to sell 75% of their assets through the AIFC. Despite a generally cautious regulatory stance, Kazakhstan permits digital asset trading within the AIFC. Digital assets are categorized as secured (linked to physical assets) or unsecured (such as Bitcoin and Ethereum). In 2023, digital asset transactions in Kazakhstan reached $4.1 billion, but 91.5% occurred in the “gray zone,” beyond state oversight. In 2024 alone, the Financial Monitoring Agency shut down 36 illegal crypto exchanges, froze $4.8 million in assets, and blocked over 3,500 illicit platforms. Tuleushin argues that fully legalizing and regulating these operations could add more than 190 billion tenge annually to the budget, enough to fund major public infrastructure such as schools and hospitals. He proposes extending crypto trading beyond the AIFC, authorizing crypto ATMs, and opening the market to major players, an approach akin to that of the UAE. Tuleushin also claimed that regions like Pavlodar and Karaganda have electricity surpluses and that Kazakhstan's cold climate further lowers operational costs for miners. Unchecked Consumption and Mounting Strain Despite the deputy minister's optimism, Kazakhstan’s Supreme Audit Chamber (SAC) has raised alarms over uncontrolled energy consumption by miners. According to a 2024 audit, miners consumed 901 million kWh worth 13 billion tenge, despite a national energy shortage, by bypassing RFZ LLP, the country’s sole energy purchaser. Former Prime Minister and current head of the Supreme Audit Chamber, Alikhan Smailov, warned, “Miners are consuming up to a billion kilowatt-hours. This is damaging our economy. How can we allow unchecked consumption amid such a crisis?” The audit revealed systemic issues, including deteriorating Soviet-era power plants (55% average wear), a 4,500-worker shortfall in the energy sector, and a lack of financial oversight by the Ministry of Energy. Looming Crisis In January...

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Kazakhstan’s Central Bank Governor: Navigating the “New Global Map”

Gov. Timur Suleimenov of the National Bank of Kazakhstan spoke about U.S. tariffs, financial uncertainty, reforms and declining oil prices on Wednesday at the spring meetings in Washington of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund. Here are some of Suleimenov’s key comments in a conversation with Jihad Azour, director of the IMF’s Middle East and Central Asia department: Consumer lending and regulation in Kazakhstan: Due to advances in digitizing financial services, Suleimenov said, “consumer lending became easy for the banks because they're all interlinked to the government databases, they have developed their own databases. So checking a consumer, a potential consumer, and deciding whether or not to go ahead with the loan takes minutes. And therefore everyone can go online and in a couple of weeks get, I don't know, $1,000 microcredit or something like that. That led to proliferation of consumer lending. It grew in last five years, it grew at about 30%. Well, nominal wages grew at about 10-12%. So it's not sustainable and that's why we decided that we're doing something. Our part as macroprudential regulator and our colleagues at the Agency for Oversight, they're doing their part in terms of prudential regulation as well.” U.S. Tariffs: “Now, of course, we're in a completely different setup with tariffs, reshaping global economy, supply chains, investment flows. And I think everyone is yet to find their place on this new global map. In terms of trade with the United States, we have $4.2 billion in trade and most of it is in strategic goods when it comes to U.S. imports from Kazakhstan, therefore it is exempted. But the key element is of course oil prices, global economic turmoil, of course the decrease in oil prices for oil-producing countries. Very important, 50% of our exports is oil, 35-33% of our fiscal revenues is oil. So anything that relates to oil production or oil price affects public finances and overall economic performance of the country. But we are ready, we of course as the situation was unfolding, we have our plan B and plan C. I believe many countries do have the same plan and I think we all should. It's very difficult to predict how this thing plays out.” Navigating Uncertainty “Sometimes times of crisis call for very difficult reforms. But all the stakeholders should be on the same page. Sometimes, you know, things like stability are better than development. They prevail. And therefore, it is for the governments and central banks to sit down together and see what the priorities are, the common national interests, national economic interests, whether it's difficult reforms, whether it's just maintaining stability. Well, in Kazakhstan, I think we're ready for more radical reforms that we're currently implementing. But again, let's be honest, being a petroleum state, oil producing state, makes it much, much more difficult. Because when you have 30% of your GDP in coffers in the national fund… it is very difficult to sell the reforms to the public, to the parliaments, because they're saying, guys, you're sitting on cash. The cash is invested normally, elsewhere, not into the local economy, which is the right way,...

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Kazakh Lawmakers Propose Creation of National Cryptobank

Azat Peruashev, leader of the Ak Zhol political party's faction in the Mazhilis, the lower house of Kazakhstan’s parliament, has proposed the establishment of a national cryptobank. The initiative would involve the National Bank of Kazakhstan and second-tier commercial banks. In a formal inquiry addressed to Prime Minister Olzhas Bektenov, Peruashev highlighted the growing interest among Kazakhstanis in digital currencies, which are increasingly viewed as tools for investment, capital preservation, and peer-to-peer transactions. However, Kazakhstan currently lacks a legal framework for the use of digital assets, and the circulation of cryptocurrencies remains officially prohibited. Peruashev warned that this prohibition has driven the crypto market underground, with up to 90 percent of cryptocurrency transactions taking place outside the legal economy. "The ban has only fostered a shadow market, illegal exchanges, grey schemes, tax evasion, and the financing of illicit activities," he said. "Citizens are losing vast sums to scammers, pyramid schemes, and unregulated platforms. Billions in crypto assets are being transferred abroad without oversight, and the state is losing out on substantial tax revenues." Peruashev believes that establishing a cryptobank, a state-recognized institution for the regulation, exchange, and storage of digital assets, could serve as a vital tool for bringing the crypto sector into the legal domain. He proposed involving the National Bank and select commercial banks that already employ digital financial instruments. Such a system, he argued, would allow the state to reclaim control over the majority of crypto-assets circulating within the country and better protect users from fraud. The MP pointed to international precedents. In the United States, Anchorage Digital Bank, Kraken Bank, and Custodia Bank operate with federal oversight. Switzerland is home to SEBA Bank and Sygnum Bank both pioneers in integrating traditional finance with digital assets. “If something can’t be resisted, there’s only one solution, engage and lead. In this case, that means legalize and regulate,” Peruashev stated. As previously reported by The Times of Central Asia, Binance has officially launched operations in Uzbekistan, while Kyrgyzstan is considering legislation to establish licensed cryptobanks to manage digital assets within a regulated framework.

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Central Asia’s Crypto Gamble: Growth Amid Uncertainty

Central Asian countries are approaching the cryptocurrency and crypto-mining industry at varying speeds. While some are just beginning to explore the sector, others have already taken significant, albeit sometimes contradictory, steps. Kazakhstan: From Mining Powerhouse to Regulatory Caution Kazakhstan once emerged as a global leader in bitcoin mining. Between mid-2021 and early 2022, the country ranked third in the world in terms of bitcoin mining capacity, accounting for 13.22% of global computing power, trailing only the United States and China. This boom was fueled by low electricity costs, favorable tax conditions, and an influx of miners fleeing stricter regulations in China. However, the rapid growth strained Kazakhstan’s energy infrastructure. The Ministry of Energy reported that while annual electricity consumption had previously grown by an average of 2%, in 2021 it surged by 6.1% and up to 12% in the densely populated southern energy zone. Digital mining was cited as the primary cause. By early 2025, Kazakhstan’s share of global mining capacity had dropped to just 1.4%, placing it outside the top five globally. Although around 60 companies are currently active in the sector, some operations have stalled. Tax legislation has tightened since 2022, with miners required to pay 1-2 tenge per kilowatt-hour depending on the energy source. Illegal mining and unlicensed exchanges remain a challenge; in 2024 alone, 12 criminal cases were launched against underground platforms. Despite these setbacks, experts see potential for a more sustainable and regulated industry. The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) has become the hub for cryptocurrency operations. A 2023 law on digital assets and updated rules from the Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) in 2024 have laid a more comprehensive legal foundation, including provisions on cybersecurity and anti-money laundering. Over 10 licensed cryptocurrency exchanges now operate in Kazakhstan, including global names like Binance, Bybit, and Bitfinex Securities. New initiatives such as the digital tenge and the Cryptocard aim to further integrate blockchain into daily financial transactions. President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev reaffirmed the government's commitment to digital transformation in March 2025: “The development of the digital asset industry and blockchain technology plays a major role. Urgent measures must be taken to liberalize regulation, ensure the legal circulation of digital assets and crypto exchanges, and attract investment in digital mining,” he said. Uzbekistan: State-Supported Growth Uzbekistan has made blockchain and digital assets a policy priority. The National Agency for Perspective Projects (NAPP) is the main regulatory body. Between 2022 and 2024, the agency issued 14 licenses to cryptocurrency companies. The UzNEX exchange, an internationally licensed platform, has played a key role in developing the crypto market in both Uzbekistan and the wider region. Its services include crypto asset trading, staking, and NFT transactions. In 2024, it expanded its list of supported cryptocurrencies (including Toncoin) and plans to launch a digital art platform. Total trading volume exceeded $1 billion in 2024. Kyrgyzstan: Building a Legal Framework Since 2022, Kyrgyzstan has actively developed its regulatory environment for digital assets. The key legislation is the Law on Virtual Assets, which outlines...