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Natural gas

Turkmenistan Halts Gas Exports to Turkey Amid Contract Talks

Turkmenistan has temporarily suspended natural gas exports to Turkey, according to an October 24 report by the Chronicles of Turkmenistan, which cited Maksat Babaev, chairman of the state concern Turkmengaz. Babaev made the announcement during a press conference following the Oil and Gas of Turkmenistan 2025 international conference. Gas deliveries began in March 2025 under a short-term contract for 2 billion cubic meters per year. The project was framed as a pilot initiative to assess technical and logistical challenges. Murad Archaev, Deputy Chairman of Turkmengaz, stated that the company is fully prepared to resume supplies. “The Turkish side was very pleased with the start of deliveries. We also support it, and once the existing issues are resolved, supplies will continue under the signed contract,” Archaev said, as quoted by MK Turkey. Babaev added that Turkmenistan has other potential buyers if an agreement on price or volume cannot be reached. “This is the market,” he said, according to Oilcapital, citing Reuters. As previously reported by The Times of Central Asia, Turkey began importing Turkmen gas via Iran under a swap agreement, with deliveries totaling about 1.3 billion cubic meters by year-end. In May, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced Ankara's intention to extend the deal for another five years. Meanwhile, Turkey’s Ministry of Energy said in October that it seeks to increase gas imports from Turkmenistan via the Caspian Sea. The ministry emphasized that the Turkish market could serve as a gateway for Turkmen gas to reach other countries, including European Union members. Earlier this year, both sides hailed the launch of deliveries as a milestone in regional energy cooperation.

Fishing Industry

New Kazakh Fish Processing Plant Exports Aral Fish to Europe

A new fish processing plant has opened in Kazakhstan’s Kyzylorda region, signaling continued progress in efforts to revive the fishing industry in the Aral Sea basin, once the site of one of the world’s most devastating environmental disasters. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the facility, located in the Aral district, has the capacity to process up to 6,000 tons of fish annually. Outfitted with modern equipment, the plant focuses on producing environmentally sustainable fish products that comply with international quality and safety standards. Its primary export, pike perch fillets, is shipped to markets in Germany, Denmark, and Norway. Kazakhstan currently operates 72 fish processing plants, 20 of which are licensed to export to the European Union. The country’s fishing sector has been buoyed by ongoing efforts to restore the Northern Aral Sea. Formed in 1987 during the large-scale desiccation of the original Aral Sea, the northern section has been preserved and partially replenished following the construction of the Kokaral Dam. Earlier this year, The Times of Central Asia reported a record increase in the sea’s water volume. Rising water levels have expanded the surface area, reduced salinity, and facilitated the return of 22 fish species to the ecosystem. The annual catch in the Northern Aral now reaches approximately 8,000 tons, creating new economic opportunities for local communities. Kazakhstan’s fishing industry continues to show steady growth. In 2024, the country produced 94,600 tons of fish products, a 7% increase compared to 2023. Of this total, 45,200 tons came from natural water bodies, while 18,200 tons were farmed. In the same year, Kazakhstan exported 23,400 tons of fish products worth $74.7 million to 21 countries, reflecting rising global demand for sustainable fish from the Aral region.

Bilateral Cooperation

Cholpon-Ata to Host ‘Day of German Economy in Kyrgyzstan’

On August 26, Kyrgyzstan will host one of its most prominent international business events of the year, the Day of German Economy in Kyrgyzstan, alongside the 4th meeting of the Kyrgyz-German Business Council. The events are organized by the National Investment Agency under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to the agency, the forum will take place at two venues in the resort city of Cholpon-Ata: the Rukh Ordo Cultural Center and the No. 2 State Residence of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. The event is expected to bring together high-level participants, including government officials, business leaders, industry associations, and investors from both Germany and Kyrgyzstan. Welcoming remarks will be delivered by Adylbek Kasymaliyev, Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan, and Professor Reinhold Krämmel, Honorary Consul of Kyrgyzstan in Munich and Deputy Co-Chairman of the Kyrgyz-German Business Council. The forum will feature two thematic panel sessions: "Energy Projects for German-Kyrgyz Economic Cooperation" - focusing on opportunities in green energy and infrastructure development. "Export Potential and Logistics in the Transition Period: Opportunities of the Middle Corridor" - examining evolving trade routes and modern logistical challenges. In addition, Kasymaliyev will attend the meeting of the Kyrgyz-German Business Council. Discussions will center on the theme: “Kyrgyz-German Trade, Economic and Investment Cooperation: Finance as an Integral Part of the Partnership.” The primary aim of the event is to deepen economic dialogue, enhance trade and investment relations, and strengthen the strategic partnership between Kyrgyzstan and Germany.

Agriculture

Kazakhstan Doubles Barley Exports, with Iran and China Leading Demand

Kazakhstan has doubled its barley exports in the 2024-2025 marketing year, strengthening its position as a key player in the global grain market. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the country exported 1.82 million tons of barley between September 2024 and August 2025, twice the volume recorded in the same period the previous season. The sharp increase was driven by a strong harvest of 3.84 million tons, robust demand from major markets such as Iran and China, and competitive pricing. Iran emerged as the largest buyer, importing 1.064 million tons, nearly 30 times more than the previous year. China followed with 414,400 tons, while Uzbekistan imported 125,200 tons. The surge in international demand has also pushed up domestic barley prices, providing a boost to local producers. In September 2024, prices ranged between KZT 50,000 and 52,000 per ton; by early August 2025, they had climbed to KZT 85,000-87,000 per ton. The Ministry projects total barley exports for the 2024-2025 season will reach 1.9 million tons. Kazakhstan has also reported a significant rise in wheat exports. Between September 2024 and July 2025, the country exported 12.4 million tons of wheat and flour, a 34% increase compared to the 9.3 million tons exported during the same period in 2023-2024.

Industrial Hemp

Kazakhstan to Use Industrial Hemp for Passport Production

Kazakhstan will begin producing high-security paper from domestically cultivated industrial hemp, which will be used in the manufacture of passports and national ID cards, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) has announced. As previously reported by The Times of Central Asia, Kazakh authorities first considered cultivating industrial hemp in 2016, though the initiative remained dormant until recently. In spring 2025, a draft law legalizing the cultivation of non-narcotic hemp was submitted to parliament. It was approved by deputies in June and subsequently signed into law by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. The legislation authorizes the government to determine which hemp varieties are eligible for industrial use, explicitly excluding strains used for narcotics, and outlines procedures for cultivation and processing. High-Security Applications and Export Potential At a government briefing on Tuesday, Deputy Minister of Agriculture Azat Sultanov explained the rationale behind the initiative. “The main product will be high-security paper, which is a valuable export commodity used for the production of identification documents such as passports and other special forms,” Sultanov said. “The range of products being considered by the investor is wide. Market demand will be taken into account, and we believe all the output will go for export.” The North Kazakhstan Region is currently being considered as the site for the production facility. Regulated THC Levels and Licenses Issued Earlier, the Ministry of Agriculture confirmed that the allowed level of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, in cultivated industrial hemp would not exceed 0.3%. In contrast, wild hemp found in Kazakhstan can contain up to 15% THC, rendering the industrial variant non-psychoactive. Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Sanjar Adilov noted in April that four licenses for industrial hemp cultivation had already been issued. One licensed farming enterprise in Kostanay Region, adjacent to North Kazakhstan Region, is already engaged in hemp cultivation and processing.

Jewelry

Kyrgyzstan’s Jewelry Industry Emerges from the Shadows

The jewelry industry in Kyrgyzstan is experiencing rapid growth, marked by a surge in exports, an expanded geographic reach, and a significant rise in foreign trade operations, according to official statistics. According to the National Statistical Committee, Kyrgyz jewelers quadrupled the volume of foreign trade in jewelry made from precious metals during the first four months of 2025. This figure encompasses both exports and imports. Approximately 100 kilograms of jewelry, valued at around $600,000, were exported. Export revenues increased fourfold compared to the same period in 2024. Meanwhile, imports reached 15.6 tons, worth $5.8 million, more than double the previous year’s figures. Russia and Italy were the primary destinations for Kyrgyz jewelry exports. Business Legalization and Tax Incentives Stalbek Akmatov, president of the Kyrgyz Jewelers' Union, told The Times of Central Asia that this growth was driven by the industry’s formalization, which allowed jewelers to operate legally, pay taxes, and submit accurate reports. "First of all, I would like to thank our authorities, the Jogorku Kenesh and the Cabinet of Ministers," Akmatov said. "Recently, significant changes were introduced to the Tax Code and legislation concerning precious metals. Instead of three separate taxes, VAT, sales tax, and income tax, a single tax of 0.25% has now been implemented." Akmatov noted that the new tax policy has provided a substantial boost to production and exports, while significantly reducing the size of the shadow economy, which previously accounted for over 90% of the sector. Experts estimate that less than half the industry now remains informal. Entry into the Kazakh Market Kyrgyz jewelers are also exploring new markets. Akmatov highlighted that one company has already exhibited twice at a jewelry fair in Almaty and has begun selling products featuring national designs. "The current volume of exports to Kazakhstan is small, just a few kilograms, but it's only the beginning. The potential in this direction is enormous," he told TCA. Persistent Challenges: Scrap Gold and Regulation Despite these advancements, challenges remain. One major issue is the high cost of scrap gold for local producers. As was the case five years ago, scrap gold is sold with a 5% markup over the London gold price, even though Kyrgyzstan annually produces several dozen tons of gold and even more silver. Akmatov also pointed to restrictive regulations on the circulation of precious metals. "If gold could be traded freely like a currency, our sales would increase significantly," he stated. The Jewellers' Union is currently in talks with the Ministry of Economy and Commerce on liberalizing precious metals circulation within the country.