Kazakhstan Justice - The Times Of Central Asia

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Espionage

Kazakhstan Confirms Detention of Military Attaché Worker in Poland

Defense officials in Kazakhstan said on Wednesday that Polish security agencies have detained a worker in the Kazakh military attaché´s office, two weeks after the Polish government announced the arrest of a military intelligence officer from a post-Soviet country who is suspected of espionage. “The International Relations Center of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan confirms the fact of the detention of an employee of the apparatus of the Kazakh military attaché by the Polish law enforcement agencies,” the ministry said on Telegram. The statement, which came after media reports about the arrest circulated in Kazakhstan, said efforts were underway to “resolve this situation” and that measures are also being taken to protect “the rights and legitimate interests” of the detained citizen. Kazakhstan’s government didn’t comment on why its employee was detained. Without naming sources, some media reports in the Central Asian country have said it is the same person suspected by Polish authorities of spying. Tomasz Siemoniak, a member of Poland’s Council of Ministers and coordinator of special services, said on X on Aug. 1 that, two days previously, “officers of the Internal Security Agency detained a citizen of one of the Asian countries that emerged after the collapse” of the Soviet Union. “He is a career military intelligence officer who conducted espionage activities detrimental to the security of the Republic of Poland and allied military structures,” Siemoniak said. “The National Prosecutor’s Office brought charges against him, and on August 1, 2025, the suspect was remanded in custody for three months by a court decision.” Siemoniak did not specify the alleged threat to military interests. Poland has been one of Europe’s staunchest supporters of Ukraine in its war against Russia, serving as a conduit for military and other supplies to Ukrainian forces across their shared border. Kazakhstan has aimed for a pragmatic or neutral position on the conflict, maintaining close ties with Moscow while also, in a nod to Ukraine, speaking in support of the territorial integrity of sovereign states under the U.N. Charter. Prime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland also announced the arrest of an alleged spy, saying “anyone who threatens the security of the Polish state will be caught, sooner or later.” Poland’s Internal Security Agency said the suspect had conducted espionage while “operating under diplomatic cover in a European country.”

Environment

NCOC Wins Temporary Reprieve in Environmental Case in Kazakhstan

An Astana court has overturned a multi-billion-dollar environmental fine imposed on the North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC), the consortium developing the Kashagan oil field in Kazakhstan’s sector of the Caspian Sea. The ruling was based on procedural violations by Kazakhstan’s environmental authorities. However, the court made clear that the decision does not prevent the re-filing of claims once the procedural flaws are addressed. The NCOC consortium comprises KMG Kashagan B.V. (16.877%), Shell Kazakhstan Development B.V. (16.807%), Total EP Kazakhstan (16.807%), Agip Caspian Sea B.V. (16.807%), ExxonMobil Kazakhstan Inc. (16.807%), CNPC Kazakhstan B.V. (8.333%), and Inpex North Caspian Sea Ltd. (7.563%). In March 2023, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources filed a $4.2 billion lawsuit against NCOC, based on a complaint from the Atyrau Region Department of Ecology. The agency alleged that more than 1.7 million tons of sulfur were being stored at the Kashagan site, far exceeding the 2022 legal limit of 730,000 tons. NCOC denied the allegations, stating that its sulfur production and storage practices fully complied with Kazakh legislation and international standards. In March 2025, an arbitration court ruled in favor of NCOC. The case then proceeded to the appellate level, where the Administrative Chamber of the Astana Court annulled the initial enforcement order due to violations of the Administrative Procedure Code by the environmental authorities. “It has been established that the authorized body committed violations of the Administrative Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan when issuing the order, which was the basis for overturning the contested order,” the court’s press service stated. The court emphasized that its ruling was procedural and did not address the substance of the environmental claims. “The court did not assess the validity of the conclusions of the Department of Ecology on the merits. Thus, the decision does not affect the substance of the violations identified and does not prevent the authorized body from taking further action after the procedural errors have been corrected,” the statement continued. As previously reported by The Times of Central Asia, this is not Kazakhstan’s only legal dispute with NCOC. An international arbitration case remains ongoing, in which the government is seeking $150 billion in lost profits, citing delays in the Kashagan field’s launch and the failure to meet oil delivery commitments.

Crime

Kazakhstan Proposes Stricter Measures for Convicted Pedophiles, Including Pre-Release Chemical Castration

Kazakhstan's Ministry of Health has proposed tightening the application of chemical castration for individuals convicted of sexual crimes against minors. Draft amendments published on the Open NPA platform outline a new mechanism mandating the procedure six months prior to a convict’s release from prison. Ministry of Health Proposal Under the proposed changes, prisoners would undergo a compulsory forensic psychiatric evaluation one year before their scheduled release to assess the risk of recidivism. If deemed necessary, chemical castration would follow six months later. “An amendment is being introduced on the use of chemical castration six months before release and the referral of materials by the administration of the institution no later than twelve months before the expiry of the sentence to the court for the appointment of a forensic psychiatric examination,” the explanatory note states. Legal Basis and Procedure Chemical castration is regulated under Article 91 of Kazakhstan’s Criminal Code. It is currently applied to individuals over the age of 18 convicted of crimes against the sexual integrity of minors, provided they have been diagnosed with a disorder of sexual preference. The procedure involves the administration of antiandrogenic medication to suppress testosterone levels and reduce sexual drive. Presently, the measure can only be imposed by court order. The Ministry of Health argues that conducting the procedure shortly before release would minimize the risk of reoffending during the immediate post-release period, which is considered particularly high-risk. Lifelong Supervision Also Under Consideration In a parallel initiative, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has proposed introducing lifetime administrative supervision for convicted pedophiles. Currently, such supervision is limited to eight years. “We can also restrict leaving the house at night,” said Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Igor Lepekha. “Previously, supervision lasted eight years. Now, it is planned to be significantly extended.” Under the proposal, courts would reassess each case every six months based on the likelihood of recidivism. Additional measures may include restrictions on visiting educational institutions, curfews, and more. Violations would carry administrative or criminal penalties. A Push for Surgical Castration A more extreme measure was proposed in 2024 by parliament deputy Yelnur Beisenbayev, who advocated for the surgical castration of pedophiles, calling it a powerful deterrent. “I spoke in favor of surgical castration. We included this provision in the draft law, but the government did not support it, citing concerns about violating privacy,” Beisenbayev said. He criticized the government's stance as “spineless,” asserting that physical castration could serve as both a preventive measure and a means to protect children from violent sexual crimes.

Historical Repressions

Opinion: Ghosts of the Gulag – A View From the Ground

Recently, The Times of Central Asia published an article titled Ghosts of the Gulag: Kazakhstan’s Uneasy Dance With Memory and Moscow. While it is essential to consider outside opinions, it is equally important to articulate how this perspective looks from within. In Kazakhstan, there are three large museums dedicated to the memory of the victims of the communist regime. These are the infamous ALZHIR (Akmolinsk Camp for Wives of Traitors to the Motherland), the museum dedicated to the memory of victims of political repression, KARLAG (Karaganda camp), and a smaller memorial complex to the victims of political repression at Zhanalyk, located about 40 kilometers from Almaty. Historians believe that around 2,500 people are buried there, including prominent members of the Kazakh intelligentsia, such as Akhmet Baitursynov, Mukhamedzhan Tynishpaev, Saken Seifullin, Ilyas Jansugurov, and Beimbet Maily. In addition to these museums, there are monuments to the victims of political repression and the famine of the 1920s–30s in many cities across the country. But it's not just about the number of museums and monuments. What matters most is that the memory of these events is preserved, and it is being carefully studied. In 2020, a state commission for the full rehabilitation of victims of political repression was established by the government. Over several years, 425 scholars, researchers, and experts have participated in its work. More than 2.6 million documents and materials have been declassified. Most importantly, this commission has rehabilitated more than 311,000 victims of political repression within the framework of existing legislation. The results of this work are documented in 72 volumes. There are no sections in these research materials divided by nationality. The approach is the same for everyone: justice and fairness for all. This calls into question the “collective amnesia that obstructs historical reckoning” referred to by Guillaume Tiberghien, a specialist in dark tourism at the University of Glasgow. Regarding any "emphasis on what the prison system ‘contributed’ to the nation” mentioned by Margaret Comer, a memory studies expert at the University of Warsaw, there are conflicts of interest and truths people would rather not face. One of the main purposes of Karlag was to serve as a major base of food supplies for Kazakhstan’s growing coal and metallurgical industries. In addition to industrial development, by 1941 the camp had 70 sheep farms, 45 cattle farms, one horse farm, and two pig farms. By 1950, 4,698 people worked on these farms, including 13 academic scientists. The communist system of corrective labor camps was an integral part of economic development, achieved through what was essentially slave labor. This is the full cynicism of the regime on display: prisoners were expected to “work off” their guilt. “The country is walking a tightrope,” Tiberghien suggests, pointing to President Tokayev’s speech on May 31, the official Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression. “It wants to keep things calm, to avoid upsetting Russia.” In this speech, while calling for the rehabilitation of victims and greater access to archives, Tokayev also condemned the...

Disinformation

Kazakhstan Establishes Center for Countering Disinformation

Kazakhstan has announced the creation of a new Center for Countering Disinformation under the presidential administration. According to official statements, the center aims to protect citizens from false information and provide “objective, verified data.” The initiative, housed within the President's Central Communications Service, is being presented as a measure to identify and debunk falsehoods and promote “responsible information consumption.” Kazakhstan’s geographic location - bordering both Russia and China - makes information control a particularly sensitive issue. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Astana has refused to recognize Russia’s annexations and generally observes Western sanctions. Much of Kazakhstan’s population consumes Russian-language media, however, which remains a source of governmental concern. Questions over how “disinformation” is defined remain, however. A 2023 law on online platforms and advertising, which penalizes the spread of false information, prompted warnings from Reporters Without Borders and others about potential state overreach. Kazakhstan has increasingly found itself on the frontline of regional information warfare, as waves of disinformation target its foreign policy and internal stability. Recent campaigns have sought to undermine the country’s relations with China, Russia, and the United States, exploiting its position between major powers. Officials in Astana have pointed to anonymous Telegram channels and coordinated online networks as sources of destabilizing narratives, ranging from economic panic to conspiracy theories about national security. In response, the government has intensified its efforts to counter these threats, including public awareness campaigns and new monitoring initiatives. Analysts note that operations like “Spider Web” highlight both the scale of the problem and the geopolitical sensitivities involved. While Kazakhstan is working to address disinformation, the challenge lies in balancing security concerns with the need to preserve media freedom.

Human Trafficking

Kazakhstan Reports 134 Human Trafficking Cases in First Half of 2025

July 30 marks World Day Against Trafficking in Persons, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2013. On this day, global attention turns to one of the gravest human rights violations: the exploitation of men, women, and children in various forms. According to Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs, 134 human trafficking-related crimes were recorded in the first six months of 2025. The country has maintained an anti-trafficking program since 2002, implemented with the support of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Over this period, 1,891 victims of labor and sexual exploitation have received assistance. “This day reminds us that human trafficking remains one of the most serious violations of human rights, affecting millions of men, women, and children around the world. No country is immune, whether it is a country of origin, transit, or destination,” the IOM stated. Organized Crime and Exploitation The 2025 IOM campaign theme is “Human Trafficking is Organized Crime - End the Exploitation.” According to the UN, 74% of traffickers are affiliated with organized criminal networks. Between 2020 and 2023, over 200,000 cases of human trafficking were officially reported worldwide, though experts caution the real figure is likely far higher due to underreporting and lack of awareness. Kazakhstan's Role in Regional Trafficking Trends IOM data from 2004 to 2020 indicate that Kazakhstan was the leading destination country for human trafficking victims in Central Asia, with 1,741 cases of exploitation documented. Other destination countries included the UAE (61 cases), Turkey and Russia (28 each), and Iran (7), among others. In terms of origin countries, Uzbekistan accounted for the highest number of trafficking victims (944), followed by Kazakhstan (774), Kyrgyzstan (72), and Russia (28). Smaller numbers came from Tajikistan, Mongolia, Ukraine, the Philippines, and several other countries. [caption id="attachment_34461" align="alignnone" width="300"] @iom.int[/caption] Victim Demographics and Exploitation Types Among the identified victims, 52% were men (981), 47.9% were women (907), and 0.1% (3 individuals) identified as transgender. The majority were working-age adults: 35.8% were aged 18-25, while 36.4% were over 30. Labor exploitation was the most common form, accounting for 1,151 cases (60.9%), followed by sexual exploitation with 711 cases (37.6%). Other forms, such as forced begging, childbirth, or participation in armed conflicts, made up 1.5% (29 cases). Support Mechanisms and Legal Developments Until 2020, IOM played a central role in assisting victims with repatriation, shelter, psychological support, medical care, and documentation. In recent years, these responsibilities have increasingly shifted to the state. In 2024, Kazakhstan enacted a new Law on Combating Trafficking in Persons, developed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs with IOM’s technical support. The legislation outlines protections for victims and mandates public awareness campaigns.