Ecology - The Times Of Central Asia

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Ecology

Satellite Data Reveals High Methane Emissions in Turkmenistan’s Oil and Gas Fields

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) has released the first images from MethaneSAT, a cutting-edge satellite designed to monitor methane emissions globally. The data reveals significant leaks from key fossil fuel production regions, including the United States, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela. Initial findings indicate methane emissions from North American and Central Asian production sites are substantially higher than earlier estimates based on ground-based monitoring. Both Turkmenistan and the U.S. are signatories to the Global Methane Pledge, which aims to reduce global methane emissions by 30% by 2030. MethaneSAT is part of a new wave of satellite missions focused on holding major emitters accountable for curbing methane leaks. This comes amid alarming findings from a September study by Stanford University, which reported that global methane emissions are increasing at an unprecedented rate, driving atmospheric methane levels to their highest in 800,000 years. Without immediate intervention, researchers warn, the planet could face a temperature rise exceeding 3 degrees Celsius by 2100. Methane, a greenhouse gas over 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide in the short term, is primarily released through fossil fuel production, agriculture, and waste decomposition. In 2020, human activities were responsible for 65% of methane emissions, with agriculture and waste contributing two-thirds and fossil fuels accounting for one-third. While agricultural emissions are harder to mitigate, initiatives like the Methane Pledge prioritize reducing methane leaks in fossil fuel production, which are more readily addressed. The MethaneSAT mission highlights the urgency of reducing emissions and pressuring major fossil fuel producers to take swift action. The Global Methane Pledge accommodates different national circumstances, allowing countries like New Zealand, where fossil fuel emissions are minimal, to focus on reducing methane from agriculture and waste. With atmospheric methane levels reaching critical thresholds, MethaneSAT and similar initiatives aim to catalyze a global effort to combat this potent driver of climate change.

Aral Sea

Kazakhstan Increases Water Allocation to Restore the Aral Sea

Kazakhstan plans to direct an additional 1.6 billion cubic meters of water to the Aral Sea by April 2025, announced Nurzhan Nurzhigitov, Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation. This initiative builds on efforts from October 2023 to April 2024, during which 1.3 billion cubic meters were allocated, bringing the total water volume in the Northern Aral Sea to 22 billion cubic meters as of early 2024. Minister Nurzhigitov emphasized that adopting water-saving technologies is essential for restoring the region’s water balance. In 2024, farmers in the Kyzylorda region conserved 200 million cubic meters of water, enabling additional flow into the Northern Aral. These technologies also facilitated the allocation of 1 billion cubic meters to the Aral Sea during the 2024 irrigation season, a threefold increase compared to the previous year. The preservation of the Aral Sea is a national priority, addressed through regional collaboration and strategic planning. At the 87th meeting of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia (ICWC) in Turkmenistan, agreements were made to channel 11 billion cubic meters of water to the Shardara reservoir by April 1, 2025. This move aims to ensure sufficient irrigation for southern Kazakhstan’s 2025 growing season.

public transport

End of the Trolleybus: Bishkek Authorities Abandon Eco-Friendly Transport Option

Bishkek authorities are phasing out trolleybuses in favor of buses, sparking criticism from residents and environmental advocates. Activists allege that municipal workers are dismantling trolleybus infrastructure, prompting lawsuits and complaints to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), which funded trolleybus purchases for the city. The Shift to Electric Buses In defense of the decision, Mayor Aibek Junushaliyev argued that trolleybuses no longer meet the city’s needs, citing frequent breakdowns and their inability to operate effectively in Bishkek’s outskirts. Instead, the city plans to transition to large electric buses, with 120 units ordered from China’s Ankai Automobile Co., set to arrive in mid-2025. For now, public transport is provided by gasoline and gas-powered buses. The existing trolleybuses are being transferred to Osh, with approximately 100 slated for relocation. The Bishkek Trolleybus Department signed a contract with Ankai in 2022 to deliver the electric buses and charging infrastructure. The move is supported by funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which has allocated $50 million to the project. [caption id="attachment_25888" align="aligncenter" width="1280"] Photo: Bermet Borubayeva[/caption] Activists Push Back Public opposition to the trolleybus phaseout is growing. Activist Bermet Borubayeva insists that Bishkek officials have no legal authority to transfer the trolleybuses. She highlighted that many were purchased using a $23.5 million EBRD loan ratified by Kyrgyzstan’s parliament, which stipulated that the vehicles must remain in Bishkek. “Citizens repay these loans through taxes, and without the EBRD’s consent, the municipality cannot transfer the trolleybuses elsewhere,” Borubayeva explained. She accused city officials of deliberately damaging trolleybus infrastructure. “They cut the wires in various places, rendering the system unusable. This violates both domestic and international laws,” she said. Despite these challenges, Borubayeva noted that activists have mobilized a significant resistance movement to preserve the trolleybuses. Environmental and Social Concerns Trolleybuses carried 20 million passengers last year without producing carbon emissions, making them vital to Bishkek’s eco-friendly public transportation. In a city grappling with severe air pollution, critics argue that phasing out trolleybuses exacerbates environmental problems. Borubayeva also questioned the city’s claims about ADB funding. “The mayor’s office says the electric bus project will replace the entire trolleybus fleet, but ADB documents indicate that only 20 trolleybuses are affected. Either the mayor’s office is misleading us, or the ADB is,” she asserted. According to ADB’s memorandum, the project includes a $59 million budget, with $50 million provided as a credit line and $15 million as a grant. The funds are primarily for electric bus procurement, along with infrastructure construction and consulting services. However, ADB representatives clarified to activists that the funding is for additional infrastructure, not an outright replacement of trolleybuses. Public Transportation in Crisis The dismantling of the trolleybus system has left Bishkek residents struggling with inadequate transportation. Buses have yet to fill the gap, leading to mounting public frustration. “We must address the public transportation crisis urgently,” MP Dastan Bekeshev said during a parliamentary session. “People cannot get to work or school on time. The trolleybuses need to be brought back into...

Climate Change

Caspian Sea Water Decline Requires Urgent Action, Says UNEP Chief

By the end of this century, the water levels of the Caspian Sea could drop by up to 18 meters, a decline that would devastate ecosystems and species, threaten livelihoods, and jeopardize food security and regional stability. Inger Andersen, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlighted this concern during the event, “Caspian Sea Water Decline in Light of Climate Change” at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, on November 18. According to Andersen, the Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed body of water on Earth, “is under siege from the triple planetary crisis: the crisis of climate change, the crisis of nature, land and biodiversity loss, and the crisis of pollution and waste.” Andersen warned that without urgent action, this environmental and human crisis may result in as many as five million people being displaced from the Caspian basin by the middle of the century. [caption id="attachment_25708" align="aligncenter" width="722"] Inger Andersun; image: UNEP[/caption] The UNEP chief mentioned the impacts of the Caspian crisis: declining fisheries, salinization threatening agriculture, and the critically endangered Caspian seal — a species found nowhere else on Earth — facing extinction. Andersen emphasized the critical importance of the Tehran Convention — “the cornerstone for regional cooperation on the Caspian Sea.” The Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (Tehran Convention) was signed by the five Caspian littoral states — Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan — in 2003 and entered into force in August 2006 after being ratified by all five governments. [caption id="attachment_25706" align="aligncenter" width="2560"] Aktau, Kazakhstan; image: TCA, Ola Fiedorczuk[/caption] The Tehran Convention “provides a platform to align our efforts, to unite science and policy, and to prioritize sustainable development across this unique region. As the interim Secretariat of the Tehran Convention, UNEP is proud to support these vital efforts and remains firm in its commitment to providing technical expertise, fostering collaboration, and supporting innovative financing mechanisms to address this urgent challenge,” said Andersen, emphasizing that robust monitoring and predictive models are essential to understanding and managing the drivers of Caspian water level changes. “Science must inform every decision we take, whether on climate adaptation, biodiversity protection or pollution control,” Andersen stated, calling for regional cooperation to be strengthened. “The challenges the Caspian faces transcend borders. Solutions must do the same. Through trans-boundary collaboration, we can craft integrated solutions that safeguard ecosystems, support livelihoods, and promote equitable economic growth,” she stated. The Times of Central Asia earlier reported that the abundant floodwater in April-May 2024 raised Kazakhstan’s Caspian Sea water level by over a meter. On July 1, Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation announced that the water level in the northeastern part of the Caspian Sea had risen by 119 cm since the beginning of 2024. The COP29 summit has been widely criticized for its "theatrics," "slow progress," and handing out the "red carpet" treatment to fossil fuel bosses.

Climate Change

Climate Crisis in Central Asia: Kyrgyz Geologist Spells Out Threat of Disappearing Glaciers

Kyrgyzstan's President Sadyr Japarov has warned at the COP29 climate summit in Baku that Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers have shrunk by 16% over the past 70 years, a trend that could accelerate if immediate action is not taken. Glaciers are a crucial source of drinking water for Kyrgyzstan and the broader Central Asian region. Japarov emphasized that the continued reduction in glacier size will lead to water scarcity and bring severe social, economic, and environmental consequences. “Our region is among the most vulnerable to global warming. By 2100, we may lose more than half of all glaciers,” he said, stressing the need for regional cooperation on green projects to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Kyrgyz glaciologists at the Institute of Geology have been monitoring the region’s glaciers since the early 1940s. Senior researcher Ilya Mezgin explained the alarming rate of glacier loss. “If you look at maps from 1943, two-kilometer glaciers were visible on the Chatkal Ridge in western Kyrgyzstan. Today, they’ve disappeared entirely from satellite images,” Mezgin told The Times of Central Asia. The melting has worsened over time. In 1985, Kyrgyzstan had 8,200 glaciers. That number has since dropped to just 6,500. Glaciers at lower altitudes are melting the fastest, while larger glaciers are expected to last until 2100. Mezgin noted that western glaciers in the Talas region are particularly at risk of disappearing. The mountains of the Tian Shan are composed in the main of crystalline and sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic Era (i.e., about 540–250 million years ago). growth of the Tian Shan continued until 250 million years ago, when a large continental plate, known as Tarim, collided with Asia. The State Agency for Geology of Kyrgyzstan has suggested that glaciers can both retreat and regrow over time. However, the current trend is one of significant retreat.

Ecology

Scientists Investigate Deaths of 1,000 Caspian Sea Seals

More than 1,000 seal carcasses have washed ashore along a stretch of the Caspian Sea coast in the last month, according to the Kazakh government. The mass death of seals in the area has previously been reported, and similar events have occurred over the years. But new data from the Ministry of Agriculture reveals the large scale of the latest losses as scientists study tissue samples taken from the carcasses to find out why the seals died. “The Fisheries Committee suggests that natural phenomena, including natural gas emissions caused by underwater earthquakes, might be the reason behind the deaths,” the ministry said on Thursday. “Final conclusions regarding the causes of the seal deaths will be determined after laboratory tests are completed, which, according to scientific organizations, will take 3–4 months.” Fisheries officials discovered 1,034 seal carcasses along the coast in the Tupkaragan district of the Mangystau region of western Kazakhstan between Oct. 24 and Nov. 13, according to the ministry. So far, tests of tissue samples are negative for a number of infectious diseases. Kazakh officials attributed the deaths of nearly 200 seals in late 2022 to pneumonia, while noting that environmental pollution in the Caspian Sea had made their immunity systems more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Concerns about the impact of oil extraction, industrial waste and other environmental damage on the sea’s ecoystem are increasing. Scientists have recorded mass deaths of seals in the Caspian Sea for more than two decades. In 2000, the deaths of about 10,000 seals was attributed to chronic toxicosis.