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Drone production

Kyrgyzstan Expands Domestic Drone Production

A private research center near Bishkek is expanding production of unmanned and robotic systems as Kyrgyzstan invests more heavily in drones, robotics, and military modernization. The Times of Central Asia previously reported that Kyrgyzstan’s armed forces have expanded alongside sharp increases in defense spending, with drones receiving particular attention since Bishkek acquired its first combat drones in late 2021. The Nanospace Research Center, which operates with private funding, was established with support from Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov, who allocated land for the facility and helped its founders establish cooperation with the country’s armed forces. According to Nanospace Director Ulan Salamatov, the center now holds a license to manufacture military-grade unmanned systems. “We assemble FPV drones, long-range reconnaissance drones, and ground robotic systems here. These machines can provide fire support or place explosives under enemy tanks,” Nanospace Director Ulan Salamatov told The Times of Central Asia. “Of course, we hope there will be no war, but in any case, we must be prepared.” Salamatov said the center initially copied foreign drone models before developing its own long-range reconnaissance drone, the SAARA-02. He claimed the drone was tested in Batken and used to support Kyrgyz forces during the 2021 Kyrgyz-Tajik border clashes. He said the center is now capable of independently producing high-altitude reconnaissance drones, with most parts manufactured in-house using 3D printers. Only chips and microprocessors are imported, while circuit boards and electronic systems are assembled at the facility. The center also produces FPV drones, though Salamatov said mass production remains limited by a lack of industrial machinery and equipment. In addition to aerial drones, Nanospace is building small, unmanned ground vehicles designed to deliver ammunition and supplies to frontline positions or evacuate wounded soldiers. Salamatov said the center is also working under contract with the Kyrgyz special forces to build the Kabylan combat vehicle, a robotic platform that can be equipped with machine guns or serve as a mobile drone-launching base. [caption id="attachment_50418" align="aligncenter" width="1280"] @TCA[/caption] Salamatov said the center plans to begin training students this autumn, opening its facilities to young engineers interested in robotics. The program will combine theoretical classes in the morning with practical training alongside the center’s engineers. Rocket engineering is another focus for the facility. Several prototype rockets developed by the team have already reached altitudes of two kilometers, Salamatov said. Engineers are now working on a rocket capable of reaching the stratosphere. If successful, he said, the center plans to launch a dedicated rocket engineering faculty next year.

6 days ago

Aviation

Turkish Airlines to Fly Daily to Dushanbe

Turkish Airlines will increase flights between Istanbul and Dushanbe from five to seven days a week, according to Turkey’s ambassador in Tajikistan. “Starting on August 3, daily Dushanbe–Istanbul flights will be available, further strengthening connectivity between Turkey and Tajikistan,” Ambassador Umut Acar said on Facebook. The development comes amid signs of domestic growth in commercial aviation in Tajikistan, whose national carrier, Somon Air, said last month that it was expecting the delivery of new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft in the next few months. In April, Shohin Airlines, a new private airline registered in Tajikistan, said it was in the final stage of acquiring four planes from the Airbus A320neo line of aircraft. In 2025, civil aviation authorities in Tajikistan lifted many market restrictions under a new government policy. The move was aimed at encouraging competition, leading to better prices for passengers, more efficient service, and route diversification.

6 days ago

Pensions

A History of Kazakhstan Pension Reforms: Between Market and Monopoly

Kazakhstanis rushed to withdraw pension savings in May ahead of a sharp increase in the minimum balances required to access their funds, in what may prove to be the final major wave of early withdrawals from the country’s state-run pension system. According to local financial outlet Kapital.kz, the Unified Accumulative Pension Fund (UAPF) processed 119,100 applications for one-time pension withdrawals for housing in May, twice as many as in April. The withdrawals totaled 117.8 billion tenge, roughly $240 million. The surge came shortly before new “minimum sufficiency thresholds” were published in early June, which will make early access to pension savings difficult for most working-age contributors. The change has reopened a wider debate over Kazakhstan’s pension system, which has undergone several transformations over the past quarter century. From a bold market experiment in the late 1990s, to a rigid state monopoly, and now back to a tightly regulated market model, the system has long struggled to balance the protection of citizens’ retirement savings with the need to generate investment returns. How Kazakhstan Got Here: The Private Market Experiment, 1998-2013 Before 1998, Kazakhstan operated a solidarity pension system, under which the state paid pensions from current revenues without maintaining individual retirement accounts. Pension payments depended mainly on length of service and salary level. The economic crisis that followed independence forced the government to change course. On January 1, 1998, Kazakhstan became the first post-Soviet country to adopt a funded pension model inspired by Chile’s system. It created a multi-tiered framework based on mandatory individual contributions equal to 10% of income, alongside a state-funded basic pension. The idea was straightforward: private pension funds would act as institutional investors, channeling billions into the economy while generating sustainable returns for contributors. For a time, the model was seen as one of the most ambitious financial reforms in Central Asia. But over the following years, serious flaws became increasingly clear. Eventually, the government itself acknowledged that the experiment had failed. Regulators identified several core problems. The first was negative real returns. Pension funds consistently underperformed inflation. Average annual returns stood at only 2.2%, while inflation averaged 6.8%, meaning citizens’ savings steadily lost purchasing power. The second was toxic assets. In pursuit of higher yields, pension funds invested heavily in opaque corporate securities. Of the 38 major issuers financed with pension money, 32 later went bankrupt, resulting in substantial write-offs borne by contributors. The third was high management fees. Private fund managers charged substantial commissions even during periods of poor performance or losses. Later audits found that many of these fees had been used to finance inflated executive salaries and bonuses. By the summer of 2013, the government had begun dismantling the private pension model. From Private Funds to State Monopoly, 2013-2020 By autumn 2013, all pension accounts from private funds had been transferred to the UAPF, which came under the management of the National Bank of Kazakhstan. The state monopoly addressed one major issue: the preservation of capital. But it also created a new institutional...

1 week ago

TCA Interviews

Kazakhstani Filmmaker Zhanana Kurmasheva on Her Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Documentary

Zhanana Kurmasheva is a Kazakhstani documentary filmmaker and graduate of the T. K. Zhurgenov Kazakh National Academy of Arts, where she studied film directing. Her debut feature documentary, We Live Here, turns to the human legacy of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site through the lives of people still living with its consequences. The film became the first documentary from Kazakhstan selected for competition at CPH:DOX, one of the world’s leading documentary film festivals. Over the past year and a half, We Live Here has screened at international festivals and was nominated for Best Documentary Film at the 2025 Asia Pacific Screen Awards. In an interview with The Times of Central Asia, Kurmasheva discusses why the story of the Semipalatinsk test site resonates with audiences around the world, what it was like filming on contaminated land, the growing interest in tours to the area, and why her next film will focus on consumerism. TCA: Zhanana, We Live Here premiered at CPH:DOX in Copenhagen, one of the world’s leading documentary film festivals. What did that moment mean for you? Zhanana: In the world of documentary cinema, CPH:DOX is one of the most prestigious festivals. Every filmmaker wants to be there because it showcases more than 200 of the strongest documentaries from around the world each year. Our film also became the first Kazakh project ever invited to compete in the festival. There were only 12 films in our section, and getting in was extremely difficult because the competition was intense. Being included in a program of that caliber came as a huge surprise to us. TCA: Why was it such a surprise? Zhanana: Honestly, when we were making this film, we never expected this level of success or invitations to so many festivals. By documentary standards, our project was produced on a very modest budget provided by Kazakhstan’s national film fund. The film was made largely through enthusiasm and dedication, without major international resources or influential foreign co-producers. We did everything ourselves. That is why I’m grateful for the opportunity CPH:DOX gave us. Participation there immediately brought international visibility to the film. TCA: What role did producer Banu Ramazanova play in bringing the film to international audiences? Zhanana: The fact that this film happened at all is largely thanks to our producer, Banu Ramazanova. She single-handedly promoted the film using her own resources. She believed in the project so strongly that she proved documentary cinema is worth investing in and that it can achieve a very high level. It’s wonderful that we have producers like her in Kazakhstan who genuinely care about the future of our documentary industry. TCA: Why do you think the selection committees responded to the film? Zhanana: It’s difficult for me to judge because we weren’t the ones making the selections. But if I had to guess, several factors played a role. First, Central Asia is still largely absent from the global documentary landscape. People know very little about our region, so any appearance of material from here naturally...

1 week ago

Infrastructure finance

Opinion: Central Asia’s Shift from Silk Road Romance to Infrastructure Finance – What the June Forums Are Building

In mid-June, Tashkent and Baku will host two major international finance gatherings within the same regional window: the fifth Tashkent International Investment Forum in Uzbekistan, and the Islamic Development Bank Group’s 2026 Annual Meetings in Azerbaijan. The overlap in timing is useful less as a calendar coincidence than as a signal of how infrastructure, finance, and regional integration are now being discussed together. In Tashkent, the fifth Tashkent International Investment Forum opens under the theme “Investment Resilience: New Frontiers, New Partnerships.” In Baku, the Islamic Development Bank Group will convene delegates from its 57 member countries under the theme “Regional Integration for Sustainable Prosperity.” Add the Astana International Financial Centre’s increasingly active forum calendar, a new cross-border Islamic finance alliance signed in May among regional industry associations, and a stream of connectivity and green investment pledges from recent regional summits, and the wider region looks increasingly focused on turning connectivity talk into investment structures. The more important question is not how much money is being discussed, but what kinds of projects are becoming investable. One answer keeps surfacing: a multi-thousand-kilometer trade route that carries goods from China across Kazakhstan, over the Caspian Sea to Azerbaijan, and onward through Georgia and Türkiye to Europe. The Middle Corridor, formally known as the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, runs through many of the investment pitches now being made across the region. The forums show how infrastructure, finance, and regional connectivity are increasingly being discussed together. The corridor is one of the clearest tests of whether that agenda can move from conference language into bankable projects. For most of the past century, the world categorized this region under two headings. One is heritage: the caravanserais and blue domes of the old Silk Road. The other is hydrocarbons: the oil and gas beneath the Caspian basin. Both cast the region as a place value came out of or once passed through. The corridor proposes something more ambitious: that value should pass through again, but this time on terms shaped by the region itself. The shift is from selling what lies underground to earning from where the region sits on the map. Freight volumes on the Middle Corridor have risen roughly fivefold over recent years, while transit times have been cut from about a month to roughly two weeks as border procedures and port operations improved. The World Bank’s benchmark study sets out the goal of tripling freight volumes and halving travel time by 2030, and regional projections now point to annual throughput of around ten million tons or more by the end of the decade. For landlocked economies long dependent on a single route to world markets, a second viable artery is less a convenience than a form of strategic insurance. But turning a route on a map into a working corridor requires serious capital. It requires expanded port capacity on the Caspian, additional vessels and ferries, rail upgrades, terminal infrastructure, and the less visible digital and customs systems that allow cargo to clear multiple borders...

1 week ago

AMM 2026

Ambassador Kazykhan Calls for U.S.–Kazakhstan Critical Minerals Projects at AMM Congress

ASTANA — Ambassador Yerzhan Kazykhan, Kazakhstan’s presidential representative for negotiations with the United States, delivered the opening remarks at the U.S.–Kazakhstan Country Roundtable during the Astana Mining & Metallurgy Congress on June 11, calling for expanding bilateral ties to be turned into practical critical minerals projects. The roundtable brought together U.S. officials, American businesses, and Kazakh counterparts to discuss practical measures for advancing projects in the critical minerals sector. His remarks focused on turning the U.S.–Kazakhstan minerals agenda into projects, investment, offtake agreements, processing capacity, and more resilient supply chains. Kazykhan placed the discussion within President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s broader effort to deepen the U.S.–Kazakhstan relationship around energy, supply-chain security, investment, and critical minerals. According to the transcript of his remarks, he referred to the November 6 meeting between Tokayev and U.S. President Donald J. Trump, saying the two leaders had met “to unlock the substantial potential” of what the U.S. State Department had called “A New Era” in bilateral relations. “The strategic understanding reached by our leaders was fully aligned with the national interests of both countries,” Kazykhan said. He said that understanding included support for energy security, supply-chain resilience, and a “shared commitment to strengthening cooperation in energy, rare earths, and other critical minerals.” He argued that the agenda had already moved beyond diplomacy. “You can see these priorities are not abstract,” Kazykhan said. “They are being advanced through concrete partnerships that strengthen industrial capacity, accelerate technological development, and support emerging fields such as artificial intelligence.” Kazykhan presented Kazakhstan as a strategic partner for Washington at a time when the United States and its allies are seeking alternatives to concentrated supply chains for minerals used in defense, energy, advanced manufacturing, and emerging technologies. “Kazakhstan is uniquely positioned to serve as a strategic partner for the United States, one that can offer increased resilience and enhanced competitiveness,” Kazykhan said. He described Kazakhstan as “a reliable and substantial supplier” and “a Middle Power with regional influence, a diversified industrial base, and one of the world’s top 50 economies.” He also pointed to Kazakhstan’s mineral base, saying the country holds top-ten reserves of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, nickel, cobalt, and lithium, along with deposits of other critical elements. Kazakhstan is also the world’s largest uranium producer, accounting for about 40% of global output and more than 20% of U.S. natural uranium imports, he said. But Kazykhan’s central argument was that Kazakhstan should not be viewed only as a source of raw materials. He said durable supply-chain security requires processing, refining, and integration into higher-value industrial stages. “Mining alone is not enough,” he said. “True supply-chain security requires processing, refining, and downstream integration.” He added that Kazakhstan “is not a greenfield jurisdiction,” citing its industrial workforce, established producers, export record, and institutional capacity for long-duration resource projects. Kazykhan also linked the minerals agenda to transport and logistics. He said Kazakhstan has been strengthening access to the Caspian Sea and expanding connectivity through the Trans-Caspian and broader East-West corridors, giving it routes to deliver materials...

1 week ago

Football

Central Asian Football Stays Active as Uzbekistan Prepares for World Cup

Uzbekistan’s football team takes to the global stage on June 17 in Mexico City, when it faces Colombia in its first round-robin match of the World Cup. Other countries in Central Asia that didn’t qualify for the event aren’t just cheering from afar; they’re training and competing in hopes of one day achieving the same goal. On Tuesday, Tajikistan held India to a 1-1 draw after a late penalty score by Sheriddin Boboev in a friendly match at the Hisor Central Stadium in Tajikistan. The draw followed a 3-1 win for Tajikistan over India in Tursunzoda four days earlier. “While India bravely defended wave after wave of Tajik attacks, they conceded the equalizer in a rather unwanted manner — via a penalty resulting from a handball,” the All India Football Federation said. The stadium filled up with more than 9,000 spectators, some waving Tajikistan’s national flag. The Football Federation of Tajikistan thanked fans for their support and congratulated team captain Akhtam Nazarov on his 100th match for the national team. Tajikistan’s coach, Igor Angelovski of Macedonia, said the two games against India showed “there were many positive aspects to these matches, but they also revealed certain weaknesses that we need to work on.” The team aims to be “fully prepared” for the Asian Cup finals in Saudi Arabia in early 2027, said Angelovski, who recently replaced Serbian coach Goran Stevanovic. Also on Tuesday, Kazakhstan’s national team lost 1-3 to Hungary after taking the early lead when Sergey Malyy scored off Maksim Samorodov's corner kick. Hungary equalized and then surged ahead in the second half, benefiting from a red card for Samorodov. The Kazakhstan forward was sent off, leaving his team a player down in the friendly, which was held in the Hungarian city of Debrecen. In an alarming episode, play was briefly delayed during the match when a television camera suspended on wires crashed onto the field and workers cleared away the debris. The equipment fell close to a cameraman on the ground, but there were no injuries. Uzbekistan’s performance in the World Cup will be cheered on by many people in Central Asia. They feel a sense of solidarity with the White Wolves, who also face Portugal and the Democratic Republic of Congo in group K. Those regional fans include Ruslan Mingazov, a midfielder for the Turkmenistan national team. “Uzbekistan are our brothers, neighbors, and we are happy for them,” Mingazov said in an interview with the Turkmenportal outlet. He said he also hopes Czechia does well because he played there for a long time and knows many of the players on the national team. Brazil, Portugal, and France are the favorites, while Morocco, Egypt, Norway, and Japan are among teams that could deliver surprises at the tournament, according to Mingazov. The World Cup will be held in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with an expanded 48-team roster. It opens on Thursday when host Mexico takes on South Africa in Mexico City.

1 week ago

UNAMA

Opinion: Why the Next Head of UNAMA Should Come from Central Asia

A recent briefing on Afghanistan before the United Nations Security Council again showed that the country’s challenges can no longer be viewed only through humanitarian assistance or debates over recognition of the Taliban government. Afghanistan remains a deeply complex domestic issue, but it is increasingly becoming a regional one as well. The discussion now extends beyond human rights and political dialogue with the de facto authorities. It now includes the return of millions of people from neighboring countries, pressure on cities and rural communities, shortages of jobs and water, cross-border trade, security, and the future of regional transport corridors. Against this backdrop, the question of who should lead the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) is no longer only a personnel decision. It has become part of a wider debate about what international policy toward Afghanistan should look like in its next phase. The catalyst for this discussion was the recent briefing delivered by Georgette Gagnon, the UN Secretary-General’s Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan, before the Security Council. According to Gagnon, the de facto authorities maintain control over both Afghanistan’s territory and administrative structures. At present, they face no significant armed or political challenge. The Taliban themselves view the restoration of security across Afghanistan as one of their principal achievements. Yet this does not mean the situation is stable. Gagnon pointed to a fundamental contradiction within the current system of governance. There are rigid ideological policies that place considerable pressure on society. There are also more pragmatic approaches that have so far allowed the system to function and survive. In other words, Afghanistan appears to have achieved a form of managed stability, but without a clear vision of where that system is ultimately headed. Stability Conceals Deep Structural Problems The economic picture is equally mixed. Afghanistan has recorded positive growth in absolute terms. Fiscal stability has improved, revenue collection has increased, and several infrastructure projects are moving forward. The country has also largely maintained the gains achieved through the reduction of opium poppy cultivation. Yet beneath these signs of stabilization lie significant challenges. According to Gagnon, nearly 5.9 million people have returned to Afghanistan since 2023. This represents a population increase of more than 10%. Another 2.8 million Afghans could return during 2026 alone. Many returnees arrive with no savings, no employment, and limited prospects for rebuilding their lives. For a country with a fragile economy, this creates enormous pressure. Cities and rural communities are struggling to absorb new arrivals. Jobs, housing, water resources, and social services remain in short supply. The humanitarian situation remains severe. In 2026, approximately 21.9 million people, around 45% of Afghanistan’s population, are expected to require humanitarian assistance. Another major concern is demographics. More than half of Afghanistan’s population is under the age of 25. This generation is growing up amid limited opportunities. While the challenges facing girls have received international attention, boys increasingly face difficulties as well. Employment opportunities are scarce, household incomes are declining, and competition for livelihoods is intensifying. Environmental pressures...

2 weeks ago

Digital Transformation

Interview: Kazakhstan Turns to AI and Digital Platforms to Speed Eurasian Transit

Kazakhstan is moving more of its transit system online as it tries to reduce border delays, track freight earlier, and strengthen its position on routes linking China, Central Asia, the Caspian, and Europe. Officials and industry participants say such tools could shorten processing times and reduce delays across transport corridors. These and other issues were discussed during a thematic session on “Digital Solutions in Transport and Logistics” at the Fifth Eurasian Economic Forum in Astana in late May. Kazakhstan’s practical experience in digitizing transport and logistics was presented by Deputy Minister of Transport Damir Kozhakhmetov, who also spoke with The Times of Central Asia about the country’s key priorities in transforming the sector. Key Areas of Transformation Situated at the crossroads of major international transport corridors, Kazakhstan is prioritizing seamless logistics, electronic document management, and intelligent monitoring systems. According to Kozhakhmetov, the goal is to simplify transit procedures and accelerate cargo processing through the introduction of unified electronic standards and integration with international platforms. “We connect major transit routes and serve as a link providing services along alternative transport corridors,” Kozhakhmetov told The Times of Central Asia. “Our current priority is to ensure that countries across the region continue working together to simplify electronic document exchange and harmonize digital procedures.” Practical Cases and Measurable Results One of Kazakhstan’s most successful initiatives has been the integration of its railway freight systems with major Chinese logistics platforms serving the Middle Corridor. “This allows us to see the composition of cargo shipments three to five days before they arrive at the border and complete transit declarations in advance,” Kozhakhmetov said. “As a result, processing times at key railway stations have been reduced to as little as 30 minutes. Similar integration has already been implemented with the electronic railway platforms of Azerbaijan and Georgia.” He noted that similar projects are being introduced across other transport sectors, including the electronic exchanges of international transport permits, paperless processing of cargo documentation, and the implementation of e-Freight systems for air cargo operations. Kazakhstan is also participating in the development of the Digital Trade Corridor, a global multimodal platform designed to simplify, automate, and accelerate transit and logistics operations. Other initiatives include the introduction of the electronic international consignment note, e-CMR, and the Smart Cargo single-window logistics platform, which integrates customs and logistics services. “We pay close attention to the development of digital infrastructure in every mode of transport,” Kozhakhmetov said. “These efforts cover four main areas: roads, road transport, aviation, and railways.” Digital Roads and AI Monitoring In the road sector, Kazakhstan is developing the e-Joldar system, a unified platform designed to monitor the lifecycle of the country’s road network. The system combines road inventories, technical assessments, laboratory testing, and lifecycle management tools, enabling more effective allocation of infrastructure funding. “We can now see when a road was repaired, when the next maintenance cycle is scheduled, and when future rehabilitation work should be carried out,” Kozhakhmetov explained. According to the Ministry of Transport, Kazakhstan’s public road network...

2 weeks ago

UN Security Council

Opinion: From the Indo-Pacific to the Eurasian Heartland – What Kyrgyzstan’s UNSC Win Reveals

After years of campaigning and four rounds of voting, Kyrgyzstan defeated the Philippines to secure the Asia-Pacific's sole non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC) for the 2027-2028 term. Kyrgyzstan won decisively by 142-49, a result that underscores the growing call from small, developing, and landlocked states for greater representation at the UNSC table and highlights the increasing geopolitical importance of the Eurasian heartland. Kyrgyzstan promoted itself as a bridge-builder committed to advancing dialogue, applying preventive diplomacy, and utilizing mediation as a means to resolve global conflicts and reduce geopolitical tensions. The country outlined several priorities for its 2027-2028 term, including nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, regional stability, reform of the UN, stronger participation from the Global South, and greater attention to the needs of developing countries, landlocked nations, and vulnerable regions affected by climate change. These priorities likely resonated with states that have often felt overlooked in the UNSC, in contrast to member states such as the Philippines, which has already served multiple terms. Before its victory, Kyrgyzstan was among 59 states that had never been elected to the UNSC since its establishment in 1946. It is now the second Central Asian country to secure a non-permanent seat, following Kazakhstan's 2017-2018 term. Kyrgyzstan's initial campaign in 2011 ended in defeat to Pakistan, coming just a year after the violent 2010 revolution, when the country lacked unified support from its Central Asian neighbors. This time, however, Kyrgyzstan received the full backing of its neighbors after settling regional border disputes. This historic achievement reflects growing regional solidarity in the Eurasian heartland, where platforms such as the Organization of Islamic Cooperation have supported Kyrgyzstan's bid to enhance representation in the UNSC. With a non-permanent seat secured, Kyrgyzstan is positioned to advance its priorities and assume the UNSC presidency, which it is scheduled to hold for one month in 2028. This role carries considerable significance, as it enables Kyrgyzstan to shape the UNSC's agenda, schedule votes, manage operations, and lead discussions on conflicts, sanctions, peacekeeping missions, and emerging security challenges. Kyrgyzstan's election suggests a shifting diplomatic perspective in global geopolitics. Since the American pivot to Asia, the Indo-Pacific has dominated much of the strategic conversation in Asia, given flashpoints such as the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait. Yet the vote also shows that Indo-Pacific salience does not automatically translate into UN General Assembly support. Many member states appeared receptive to Kyrgyzstan's argument that Central Asia, landlocked countries, and the wider Eurasian heartland deserved a stronger voice in the UNSC. Eurasia has long been a strategic area for culture, commerce, and conflict. Its vast landmass, stretching from Europe to Asia, has historically served as a crossroads for civilizations, armies, and trade, from the Silk Road to the two World Wars and China's Belt and Road Initiative. Today, Eurasia remains central to global competition over critical minerals, energy security, trade corridors, and logistics networks. Control of infrastructure and transportation directly shapes global supply chains, and as power balances shift, Eurasia is emerging as...

2 weeks ago

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