Kazakhstan Business & Economy - The Times Of Central Asia

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Cyberattacks Double in Kazakhstan in Early 2025

Kazakhstan experienced a sharp increase in cyberattacks during the first quarter of 2025, with 30,000 information security incidents recorded between January and May, double the number reported during the same period in 2024. According to data from research agency Ranking.kz, the most significant growth was observed in botnet-related activity, including spam mailings, password cracking, and remote system intrusions that cause service disruptions. Such incidents surged to 17,600 in the first quarter of 2025, compared to just 1,700 a year earlier. Conversely, attacks involving computer viruses, worms, and Trojans declined by 17.9% year-on-year, totaling 7,900 cases. However, phishing attempts targeting Kazakhstani users rose by 37.2%, reaching 2,000 reported incidents. Other categories saw a decrease. Cases involving inaccessibility of internet resources dropped by 48.1% to 112, while distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks fell to 23, down from 30 in the same period last year. Incidents of unauthorized access or modification of digital content also declined slightly, with nine reported cases versus 13 previously. Despite the rise in cyber threats, Kazakhstan’s IT sector continues to demonstrate robust growth. In 2024, the value of services in computer programming, consulting, and related fields reached 1.5 trillion tenge (approximately $2.9 billion), a 36.3% increase compared to 2023. Since 2016, the volume of services in this sector has expanded more than tenfold, and by over fivefold since 2019. Regionally, Almaty and Astana dominated the sector, accounting for 90.2% of all IT services provided. Almaty led with KZT 853.1 billion ($1.6 billion), followed by Astana with KZT 486.7 billion ($950 million). The lowest activity was recorded in the Ulytau region, with only KZT 712.3 million ($1.3 million) in services. Separately, The Times of Central Asia previously reported that a Chinese firm involved in cyber intelligence operations had been active in Kazakhstan for several years, accessing telecom data over an extended period.

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Kazakhstan Seeks to Mitigate Impact of U.S. Tariffs

Kazakhstan is working to minimize the economic damage from newly imposed U.S. tariffs, the highest levied on any Central Asian country. The government is assessing the scope of potential losses and pursuing diplomatic efforts to reverse or reduce the trade measures. A New Front in the Trade War On April 2, U.S. President Donald Trump announced sweeping new tariffs on imports from over 180 countries. Kazakhstan was subjected to a 27% tariff rate. In contrast, most other post-Soviet countries, including Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, and Tajikistan, were assigned a 10% tariff, described by the U.S. administration as the “base rate” for countries that “trade fairly” with the United States. Russia and Belarus, whose trade with the U.S. is effectively suspended due to sanctions, were exempt from the increase. Only Moldova, which reportedly imposes a 61% duty on U.S. goods, received a higher rate than Kazakhstan. According to Washington, Kazakhstan applies a 54% tariff on U.S. imports, prompting a reciprocal response, though the methodology behind the administration’s calculations has been questioned by many analysts. Moldova’s higher rate of 61% led to a 31% U.S. tariff. Limited Exposure for Key Exports U.S. President Trump announced a 90-day reprieve for affected countries on April 9, allowing time for negotiations to take place. While the move signals potential flexibility, the economic impact remains uncertain. Kazakh Trade Ministry representative Serik Ashitov stated on April 29 that only 4.8% of Kazakhstan’s exports to the U.S. would be affected by the tariffs. Crucially, major exports, such as oil, uranium, silver, and ferroalloys stand to remain untouched. These commodities account for approximately 90% of Kazakh shipments to the U.S. Despite fears of a broader economic fallout, Kazakhstan's stock market showed resilience in the first quarter of 2025, according to financial news channels. However, the trade conflict has had a deflationary effect on key exports. Oil prices have dropped below projected baselines amid concerns about declining global demand driven by slowing industrial activity, especially in Asia. “We’re observing falling oil prices and reduced global trade. The tariffs are cutting into industrial output in China and other key consumers of raw materials, which affects oil demand directly,” noted a representative of the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange. As of late April, Brent crude was trading at approximately $64 per barrel. Negotiations and Constraints In response, Kazakhstan has initiated diplomatic talks with the United States and plans to raise the issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO). “At present, there is no reason to believe these measures will significantly affect our exports. Nonetheless, we will continue working with American counterparts to mitigate the consequences of these unilateral measures,” Ashitov said during a press briefing. However, analysts caution that Kazakhstan may face structural limits in attempting to resolve this dispute. As a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Kazakhstan does not set its tariff policy independently. “Our customs duties are EAEU duties,” economist Almas Chukin explained. “If we wanted to unilaterally lower tariffs for the U.S., as Israel did, it would require the approval...

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Kazakhstan Sees Surge in Tourists from Arab Countries

Kazakhstan experienced a significant rise in tourism from the Arab world in 2024, with a 62% increase in visitors from five Arab countries, according to the Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Data from the Border Service indicates that the number of tourists from Oman surged by 80%, exceeding 15,000 visitors. The United Arab Emirates followed closely, with 14,700 tourists, a 40% increase compared to 2023. Saudi Arabia saw a 47% rise, contributing over 9,000 visitors. Meanwhile, tourist arrivals from Qatar increased by 50%, and visitors from Bahrain nearly quadrupled compared to 2022. In a bid to further attract travelers from the Gulf region, Kazakhstan participated in the Arabian Travel Market, held in Dubai from April 28 to May 1. The national stand highlighted major tourist destinations including Almaty, Astana, and the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The country promoted a diverse range of travel offerings, from cultural and culinary routes to scientific and educational tours. Kazakhstan was also among the most sought-after destinations for Arab tourists during the Eid al-Fitr holidays, marking the end of Ramadan. Overall, Kazakhstan continues to solidify its status as a rising international tourism destination. In 2024, the country welcomed 15.3 million visitors, a 66% increase from the previous year. Among them were 655,000 tourists from China, 146,000 from India, 130,000 from Turkey, 92,000 from Germany, and 40,000 from South Korea.

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Kazakhstan Introduces Investor Visa

Kazakhstan has approved new regulations allowing foreign nationals to obtain an investor visa, a move aimed at boosting the country’s investment appeal and fostering long-term business partnerships, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Under the new framework, foreign nationals who invest a minimum of $300,000 into the charter capital of Kazakh companies or in locally listed securities can apply electronically for an investor visa. This so-called “golden visa” also offers the opportunity to obtain a residence permit valid for up to 10 years. The Ministry highlights that similar visa programs in Europe, the United States, the UAE, and Singapore have proven effective in attracting capital, technology, and business activity. With this initiative, Kazakhstan joins a growing number of countries adopting investment residency schemes. The introduction of “golden visas” aims to create a more favorable and predictable environment for foreign investors by offering legal protections and reinforcing trust in Kazakhstan’s investment climate. The initiative reflects the government’s broader strategy of promoting openness, safeguarding capital, and developing sustainable international economic partnerships. Kazakhstan has recently launched several new visa categories, including the Neo Nomad Visa, Digital Nomad Visa, and Residence Visa, to attract business migrants, skilled professionals, and international visitors. The Digital Nomad Visa provides long-term residency options for freelancers, self-employed entrepreneurs, IT specialists, and startup founders. The Neo Nomad Visa is tailored for remote workers who travel while working. Applicants must demonstrate a verified monthly income of at least $3,000, along with valid health insurance and a clean criminal record. The Residence Visa targets foreign professionals in medicine, science, innovation, education, and the creative industries. It allows recipients to stay in Kazakhstan for up to 90 days. According to the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, 15.3 million people visited Kazakhstan in 2024, a 66% increase compared to the previous year.

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Smart Mining Plus: How International Science Diplomacy Works in Kazakhstan

In an era where sustainable development and technological innovation are reshaping global industries, international cooperation has become a cornerstone of progress. One such example is the collaboration between Nazarbayev University (NU) in Kazakhstan and Hokkaido University in Japan. Supported by a $3.2 million grant under Japan’s Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) program, their joint project, Next-generation Smart Mining Plus for Sustainable Resources Development, aims to modernize mining through smart technologies and knowledge exchange. The research is scheduled to run until March 31, 2030, offering a long-term framework for technology transfer and institutional capacity building. Fidelis Suorineni, Professor at the NU School of Mining and Geosciences and a leading expert in mining systems and geotechnical engineering, shares his vision and emphasizes the benefits of this international partnership. TCA: What makes your collaboration with Hokkaido University unique? Suorineni: The partnership with Hokkaido University is special not only because of the institutional synergies but also due to building a foundation of personal trust and continuity. My professional relationship with Professor Yohei Kawamura of Hokkaido University dates back to 2013, when we were both working in Australia -- he at Curtin University and I as the Inaugural Chair of Mine Geotechnical Engineering at the University of New South Wales. Despite relocating to different parts of the world, we have continued our collaboration ever since. Japan is globally recognized as a technology hub, especially in mining and environmental technologies. Its institutions develop, manufacture, and supply cutting-edge solutions. On the other hand, Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources; it ranks sixth globally in terms of reserves and is a leader in uranium and chromite production. This partnership is thus strategically complementary. Through this collaboration, Nazarbayev University gains access to Japanese technologies that support safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable resource extraction, technologies that are also essential for Japan’s manufacturing industries. Additionally, both countries benefit through mutual education and expertise development. While Japanese universities such as Hokkaido and Akita offer strong academic programs, they have limited access to physical mining sites. In contrast, our School of Mining and Geosciences in Kazakhstan combines world-class faculty with direct access to operational mines, allowing hands-on training for students. For the past five years, Japanese students and faculty have visited NU annually for two to three weeks to participate in specialized courses and mine visits. Likewise, each year, two of our graduate students and select faculty members travel to Japan to attend six-week short courses, which include laboratory work and field trips. This exchange ensures a balanced and mutually beneficial transfer of knowledge and experience. TCA: How will the SATREPS Smart Mining Plus project benefit Kazakhstan specifically? Suorineni: The SATREPS project brings significant benefits to Kazakhstan. Its full title, Next-generation Smart Mining Plus for Sustainable Resources Development, captures its ambitious scope. At its core, the initiative aims to integrate current and emerging mining technologies into the local context, promoting more sustainable, efficient, and environmentally responsible methods of resource extraction. For Kazakhstan, this initiative represents a step forward in managing...

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Kazakhstan to Import Electricity from Tajikistan to Address Energy Shortages

Kazakhstan and Tajikistan have signed an agreement on long-term cooperation in the energy sector. The agreement will remain in effect for 20 years, with the possibility of a 10-year extension. The document aims to strengthen energy security, promote environmentally friendly technologies, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Monitoring and telemetry Under the agreement, Kazakhstan will receive scheduled electricity supplies from Tajikistan, particularly from the Rogun Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP). These imports are intended to cover planned shortages in the North-South zone of Kazakhstan’s unified power system. The price is set at $0.034 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), including VAT at a zero rate. The agreement also includes the introduction of hourly electricity metering at connection points between Kazakhstan's and Central Asia’s power grids, as well as along the Tajik border. Kazakhstan's system operator, KEGOC JSC, will receive real-time telemetry data from Tajikistan via interstate transmission lines to ensure accurate metering and efficient coordination. Electricity deliveries will follow the routes specified in the purchase agreements. The primary source will be the Rogun HPP, with supplies timed to match Kazakhstan's peak shortage periods. A long-awaited step Energy cooperation between the two countries has been under discussion for some time. In August 2024, former Kazakh Energy Minister Almasadam Satkaliev held talks on importing electricity from Tajikistan. These discussions also addressed the issue of unscheduled electricity flows between their power grids. By December 2024, plans were already in place to finalize a 20-year agreement. In February 2025, the deal was confirmed during talks between Kazakhstan’s Foreign Minister Murat Nurtleu and his Tajik counterpart, Sirojiddin Mukhriddin. “We agree that Tajik-Kazakh energy cooperation has broad prospects. We have agreed that an intergovernmental agreement on electricity will be signed in the very near future,” the Tajik foreign minister said at the time. The potential of the Rogun HPP and prospects for Kazakhstan A key element of the agreement will be the Rogun hydroelectric power plant on the Vakhsh River. Once completed, its dam will reach a height of 335 meters, making it the tallest in the world. The power plant will have a capacity of 3,600 MW, making it the largest power plant in Central Asia. This makes the project strategically important not only for Tajikistan but for the entire region. The official website of the Rogun HPP states that the facility will be the upper stage of the Vakhsh cascade and will play a key role in ensuring sustainable energy supplies. The agreement is expected to not only enable Kazakhstan to stabilize its energy balance during peak loads, but also open up new opportunities for cross-border cooperation. With the growing demand for green energy, the strategic alliance with Tajikistan could become an important element of the country's energy transition. The resolution enters into force on the day of its signing and effectively launches an intergovernmental mechanism capable of strengthening Kazakhstan's energy security for decades to come.