Tajikistan Justice - The Times Of Central Asia

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Drug Trafficking

Tajik Border Guards Deploy Drones to Intercept Afghan Smugglers

Tajikistan’s border service has reported the elimination of a group of drug smugglers attempting to cross into the country from Afghanistan, according to a broadcast by Tajik state television on November 22. The State Committee for National Security stated that the incident occurred late on November 20 in the Hamadoni district, where border guards detected an illegal crossing at 22:50. Afghan smugglers were located and targeted using a domestically produced drone, marking the first time Tajik border forces have used locally developed unmanned aerial technology in such an operation. Authorities said that on the morning of November 21, officers discovered the bodies of two Afghan nationals at the site, along with five sacks containing 116 packages of narcotics. The fate of the other members of the group remains unclear, as the report did not specify whether they were detained or escaped. State television noted an uptick in confrontations with Afghan drug traffickers over the past six months. The border service recorded ten armed incidents during this period, up from six in the first half of 2024. Four Afghan citizens were killed in these encounters. Most clashes occurred near Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province, a region where smugglers are known to carry weapons and modern equipment. Tajikistan continues to serve as a critical transit route for narcotics originating in Afghanistan. In the first half of 2025, authorities seized 1.69 tons of drugs in border regions, accounting for more than half of all narcotics confiscated nationwide. Officials attribute the increased smuggling activity to ongoing instability in Afghanistan, which has prompted Tajikistan to tighten border security and deepen international cooperation in anti-narcotics efforts.

Crime

Tajik Citizens Arrested in U.S. in Connection with ATM Cyberattack

U.S. authorities have charged two Tajik nationals and one Iranian citizen with orchestrating a cyberattack on ATMs to steal cash using a method known as "jackpotting." Two of the suspects have already been apprehended. Law enforcement in Lincoln County, North Carolina, identified the suspects as 26-year-old Nurmuhammad Rahmonzoda, 35-year-old Firdavs Rajabov, and 36-year-old Milod Avazdavani of Iran. The crimes reportedly occurred in February 2025 in the state of Maine. Investigators were able to identify the suspects using CCTV footage and license plate recognition systems. The group allegedly employed jackpotting, a cyber intrusion technique that manipulates ATMs into dispensing cash without recording a legitimate transaction. The investigation was launched after multiple banks reported technical issues with their self-service terminals. Authorities later determined the cyberattacks had been premeditated and synchronized across several ATM locations. In total, the group is accused of stealing more than $10,000. Avazdavani was arrested on March 13, 2025, in Charleston, South Carolina. Rahmonzoda was detained two weeks later in Florida and transferred to Maine. Authorities have not confirmed whether Rajabov has been taken into custody. Rahmonzoda has been formally charged with theft. A court has ordered him to pay $38,480 in restitution to the victims. If he fulfils the court’s compensation order, the felony charge may be downgraded to a misdemeanor, though full criminal liability will still apply. Further proceedings in the case are set to continue in Florida. Previously, U.S. media reported the arrests of other Tajik citizens in unrelated cases involving terrorism and immigration violations.

Human Trafficking

Tajikistan Improves Ranking in U.S. Human Trafficking Report

Tajikistan has improved its standing in the U.S. State Department’s 2025 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report, moving up from the Tier 2 Watch List to Tier 2. This designation means the country still does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking under U.S. legislation, but is making significant efforts to comply. According to the report, released on the State Department’s official website, Tajikistan’s progress reflects expanded anti-trafficking efforts in 2024. Authorities initiated 57 criminal cases related to human trafficking, down slightly from 60 in 2023 but the number of identified victims surged from 47 to 272. Of these, 238 were victims of forced labor, and 34 were victims of sexual exploitation. In the first half of 2025 alone, Tajik law enforcement registered 39 new cases, including five involving the sale of children. Tajikistan’s shift to Tier 2 signals a positive trajectory. However, the report notes persistent shortcomings. Authorities, for instance, often fail to clearly distinguish between labor exploitation and sexual violence, frequently conflating these with irregular migration or illegal adoption cases. Despite an official ban, the report highlights that schoolchildren and university students in Tajikistan continue to be mobilized for cotton harvesting under the guise of “hashar” or community work days. The TIP Report also raises concerns about coercive recruitment tactics used in military conscription, though it does not elaborate on specific methods. Refugees and stateless individuals are another focus of concern. According to the report, some citizens of Afghanistan and Bangladesh have been subjected to forced labor at construction sites in Tajikistan. U.S. estimates indicate that more than 12,000 refugees and asylum seekers live in the country, the majority of whom are Afghan nationals. Tajikistan’s Criminal Code criminalizes human trafficking-related offenses such as kidnapping, trafficking in persons, the sale of minors, and the use of children in the production of pornography. It also covers crimes such as organizing illegal migration, forging documents, and misusing official seals and stamps. While the U.S. report acknowledges improvements in victim identification and data collection, it emphasizes that Tajikistan must strengthen victim protection measures, improve transparency in investigations and expand its prevention strategies to continue advancing in the global anti-trafficking effort.

Children's Rights

Tajikistan Teacher-Student Assault Case Referred to Court

The case of a teacher accused of assaulting a student, which sparked significant public debate in Tajikistan, has been formally referred to court. The Ministry of Education and Science has stated it will not abandon the teacher and will continue to monitor developments closely. The criminal case involves Farkhod Nazarov, a teacher accused of slapping an 11th-grade student. The case has been transferred to the Levakant City Court. In an interview with Asia-Plus, Nazarov confirmed that he has reviewed the case materials at the prosecutor’s office. “They gave me the case file, and I read it. The sequence of events was laid out clearly, and the staff were professional. They said the case would be sent to court,” Nazarov said. While a court date has not been set, the hearing is expected to take place in November. Nazarov has not yet hired legal representation. Unofficial sources report that the case falls under Article 174 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan, “Failure to fulfill obligations to educate and raise a minor.” The article carries penalties ranging from a fine of $5,672 to $8,103 or imprisonment for one to two years. “Yes, I admit that I hit the student, but it was not without reason. I simply do not have the means to pay the fine,” Nazarov previously stated. The family of the student involved, Mehmed Bozorov, has not responded to media inquiries and has yet to comment on the case’s transfer to court. The Ministry of Education and Science has confirmed that Minister Rakhim Saidzoda is personally overseeing the case. The ministry emphasized that while it is not interfering in the judicial process, it will continue to support Nazarov. The incident drew national attention after a video surfaced on social media on September 30, showing Bozorov losing consciousness. According to Bozorov, the incident occurred on September 6 at School No. 4 in the village of Bokhturobod. He claims he was struck on the back of the head by the teacher and subsequently hospitalized for two weeks. The Levakant education department has presented a different account, stating that Bozorov had shown disrespect, provoking an emotional reaction from the teacher. The department also reported that no serious injuries were documented. The case has generated widespread public discourse, with many teachers and public figures voicing support for Nazarov and calling for a systemic review of student-teacher relations in Tajikistan’s schools.

ICC

EU Criticizes Tajikistan for Failing to Arrest Putin on ICC Warrant

The European Union says Tajikistan was obligated under international law to arrest Russian President Vladimir Putin during his visit to the Central Asian country for a regional summit this week. “Tajikistan is a State Party to the Rome Statute of the ICC (International Criminal Court) and failed to comply with its obligations under the Statute to execute the arrest warrant,” the EU’s diplomatic service said in a statement on Thursday. “Vladimir Putin is under an arrest warrant by the ICC for international crimes, specifically alleged crimes of unlawful deportation and unlawful transfer of children from temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories in the context of his illegal war of aggression against Ukraine,” the service said. Russia rejects the authority of the court, which issued the warrant for Putin’s arrest in March 2023. Tajikistan signed the Rome Statute, which established the International Criminal Court, in 1998. But it maintains close political, economic, and security ties with Russia. At a joint appearance with Putin in Dushanbe on Thursday, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon noted the “high level of relations between Tajikistan and Russia." Putin also met the leaders of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan at the Russia-Central Asia summit.

Police

Twelve Years On, Tajikistan’s Police Reform Struggles to Deliver Real Change

Launched in 2013, Tajikistan’s police reform aimed to modernize law enforcement, increase transparency, and build public trust. Twelve years later, while some progress is acknowledged, experts say the main objectives remain largely unfulfilled. Signs of Progress Sadriddin Saidov, chairman of the Sughd regional branch of the Bar Association, notes improved accessibility to law enforcement. “Now citizens can file complaints through hotlines or electronically, which means people can reach out at any time,” he said. In remote areas, mobile police units, minibuses outfitted as service offices, now provide legal consultations and assistance. Gulchehra Kholmatova, Head of the Legal Assistance Group of the Civil Society Coalition against Torture and Impunity in Tajikistan, said there is increasing dialogue between civil society and the state. NGOs are more frequently invited to discuss human rights issues and, in some cases, are granted access to detention centers. Recent legislative changes have guaranteed detainees access to legal counsel and introduced safeguards against abuse. With international support, Tajik police officers now undergo human rights training aimed at preventing torture. Human rights advocate Larisa Aleksandrova cites specific gains in addressing domestic violence. The number of inspectors focused on preventing family violence has risen from 14 to 22, improving the registration and response to complaints. “The number of appeals to police regarding domestic violence has risen, and case registration has improved,” she said. Where the Reform Falls Short Yet many argue these reforms are more cosmetic than structural. Lawyer Bakhtiyor Nasrulloev contends the process resembles “degradation” rather than progress. “Access to local police stations has become more complicated due to multi-level controls and guards. This creates the impression that the police are distancing themselves from society, not moving closer,” he said. Nasrulloev criticized the reform as superficial, focusing on new uniforms and rebranding without addressing systemic issues. Kholmatova notes that public oversight of detention facilities remains weak, and torture cases often go unpunished. Aleksandrova adds that the reform slogan, “My police protect me,” has yet to become reality. “Nothing changes fundamentally. Even those who want to work honestly are constrained by a rigid system of control and subordination,” she said. Experts point to lingering Soviet-era practices, where success is measured by the number of cases opened rather than investigative quality. For Saidov, a key obstacle is low public engagement. “Reforms will succeed only if citizens actively express their opinions and proposals,” he said. Aleksandrova also highlights insufficient gender sensitivity in police responses to discrimination and domestic violence. What Experts Propose To move forward, Nasrulloev has called for a major restructuring that would separate investigative bodies from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and remove them from prosecutorial control. He also suggested making district inspectors and patrol officers accountable to local governments to better address community needs. He recommended merging overlapping departments, including criminal investigations, drug control, and organized crime units, to reduce bureaucracy and increase efficiency. Kholmatova highlighted the need for independent monitoring, greater transparency, and training that follows international human rights standards. Aleksandrova proposed mandatory video recordings of interrogations and the...