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borders Israel-Iran Escalation Cross-Border Trade

Israel Strikes Mashhad, an Iranian City Near Turkmenistan and a Hub for Central Asia Trade

Mashhad, a northeastern Iranian city near the border with Turkmenistan and a significant hub for trade with Central Asia, is among the targets hit by the Israeli military in the intensifying conflict between Israel and Iran. The Israeli military said a strike on Mashhad’s airport on Sunday was the furthest since it launched airstrikes on Iran, including nuclear facilities, on June 13 and Iran promptly retaliated. The attack on the city highlights the potential fallout for some countries in Central Asia that do business with Iran across the border with Turkmenistan. “The IAF (Israeli Air Force) struck an Iranian refueling aircraft at Mashhad Airport in eastern Iran, approximately 2,300 kilometers from Israel. The IAF is operating to establish aerial superiority over Iranian airspace. This marks the longest-range strike conducted since the beginning of Operation Rising Lion,” the Israeli military said on X. Mashhad, which has a population of up to 3.5 million, is Iran’s second most populous city after the capital Tehran, which has nearly 10 million people. The northeastern city is an Islamic pilgrimage site and is the birth place of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran’s supreme leader. U.S. President Donald Trump said on social media on Tuesday that “we know exactly” where Ayatollah Khamenei is hiding and that he is an “easy target” even if he is safe for now. Trump has also demanded Iran’s “unconditional surrender,” though it was unclear whether his comments meant the U.S. could directly join Israel’s military campaign against Iran. While the whereabouts of Iran’s supreme leader are not publicly known, Mashhad and other major Iranian cities have been thrown into turmoil by the Israeli attacks. Some people have fled to other towns or places in the countryside that they think might be safer. Flights have been canceled and there are reports of widespread internet disruptions. Mashhad is about 75 kilometers from the nearest point on the border with Turkmenistan, and a driving distance of about 275 kilometers to Ashgabat, Turkmenistan’s capital to the northwest. Last month, Iran and Turkmenistan signed an agreement aimed at increasing bilateral trade to $3 billion, the Tehran Times reported. The neighbors also agreed to establish joint free trade zones, build up border markets, ready a bilateral gas contract and take other steps to develop economic cooperation. In April, Iran and Turkmenistan agreed to start a cross-border passenger train as a way to strengthen economic ties. The route would link Mashhad with Merv, a city in Turkmenistan. The extent of disruption to these economic plans is unclear as fighting between Israel and Iran continues. Fears of a wider war are circulating and numerous countries, including those in Central Asia, have appealed for an end to hostilities.

Ukraine borders Disinformation Russia's War Telegram Drone Attack Russian Pearl Harbor official response

Operation Spider Web Rattles Russia as Kazakhstan Battles Disinformation

Sunday, June 1, was described by some Russian commentators as the country’s own “Pearl Harbor” following a Ukrainian drone offensive that struck multiple Russian military airfields. Dubbed Operation Spider’s Web, the strikes, targeting air bases in Murmansk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Ryazan, and Amur regions were carried out by Ukraine’s Security Service (SBU) and sent shockwaves through Russian society. As criticism mounted over the failures of Russia’s air defense and intelligence apparatus, some voices in Russia began directing attention toward Kazakhstan, attempting to link it, however tenuously, to the Ukrainian operation. The Operation and Its Tactics The Russian Ministry of Defense confirmed the June 1 drone attacks but reported fires at only two bases, in Murmansk and Irkutsk, with no casualties. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky hailed the operation as an "absolutely brilliant result,” emphasizing that it had been in development for 18 months. The method of using vehicles disguised as civilian freight, such as trucks carrying wooden houses filled with drones, was not new. Russian special services have previously intercepted similar transport efforts, and some military bloggers had already documented such tactics. Kazakhstan’s Alleged Involvement According to the Russian authorities, operational preparations for the June 1 attack began in December 2024. Officials in Irkutsk announced a manhunt for 37-year-old Artem Timofeev, a Ukrainian former DJ suspected of organizing the drone launches from vehicles registered to him. Timofeev’s background remains murky: while some sources say he was born in Zhytomyr, others claim Donetsk. He reportedly lived in Kyiv before relocating to Russia’s Chelyabinsk region. The only known connection to Kazakhstan is unconfirmed reports of Timofeev’s departure - along with his wife, an erotic fiction writer - to Astana just days before the strikes. This limited detail, however, fueled speculation on Russian Telegram channels that drone components may have entered Russia via Kazakhstan or that its proximity made it a convenient staging point, with one baselessly claiming that "All the spare parts and explosives arrived via fraternal Kazakhstan." Official Response from Kazakhstan Kazakh officials quickly dismissed these allegations. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aibek Smadiyarov stated, “There is no official confirmation of this. I will leave it to the theorists among our experts. I cannot comment on conspiracy theories and all sorts of mysteries.” Mazhilis deputy Konstantin Avershin characterized the accusations as “information sabotage” aimed at destabilizing Kazakhstan’s relations with Russia. “I regularly visit such production facilities and can officially state that neither components nor finished products could have fallen into the wrong hands,” he said. Military analyst and retired colonel Darkhan Daniyarov echoed this view, calling the allegations external propaganda. “Kazakhstan complies with all international norms, ensures transparent export controls, and remains a supporter of peace, neutrality, and good neighborliness,” he stated, adding that since 2022, Kazakhstan has introduced strict controls on dual-use goods to prevent their re-export for military purposes. Former KNB Chairman Nartay Dutbayev also questioned the plausibility of the claims, stating it would be easier to obtain explosives within Russia than to smuggle them from Kazakhstan. A Broader Narrative Accusations implicating Kazakhstan...

Water resources borders Bilateral Cooperation Water Management Water Conservation

Uzbekistan to Supply 16 Billion Cubic Meters of Water to Kazakhstan by October 2025

Uzbekistan has agreed to supply 16 billion cubic meters of water to Kazakhstan by October 1, 2025, according to Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. This agreement was reached during the 12th meeting of the Joint Working Group on Bilateral Water Cooperation, attended by Kazakhstan’s Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Nurzhan Nurzhigitov, and Uzbekistan’s Minister of Water Resources, Shavkat Khamrayev. In the previous water-sharing period (October 2023 - October 2024), Kazakhstan received 15 billion cubic meters of water. This year, the allocation will increase by 1 billion cubic meters. Uzbekistan has also pledged to ensure a stable water supply through the Dostyk Canal during the 2025 irrigation season. Additionally, both countries have agreed to carry out joint repairs on interstate canals to improve water access for farmers in Kazakhstan’s Turkestan region and Uzbekistan’s Jizzakh region. A key topic of discussion was the automation of water metering in the Syr Darya River. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have identified 10 monitoring points (five in each country) where automated water tracking systems will be installed. The technical specifications for a feasibility study have been approved. Kazakhstan’s Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation announced that a follow-up meeting with international organizations is planned for February to discuss further implementation steps. As The Times of Central Asia previously reported, Kazakhstan is set to receive 11 billion cubic meters of irrigation water by April 2025 under a regional agreement reached in Dushanbe. The deal was signed at a meeting of Central Asian water officials from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. The water will flow into the Shardara Reservoir in Kazakhstan’s Turkestan region via the Syr Darya River. Of this amount, 1.6 billion cubic meters will be allocated to the Aral Sea to help support its ecosystem.

Kyrgyz-Tajik Border borders Border disputes

Kyrgyz-Tajik Villages to Be Relocated as Part of Border Resolution

Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov recently spoke with the Kabar news agency about progress in resolving the Kyrgyz-Tajik border dispute. He also addressed plans for the relocation of villages and homes situated in the checkerboard-like border areas. Progress Toward Resolution Japarov provided an update on the status of negotiations, commenting: “The border issue is almost resolved. Right now, both sides are working on documenting the agreement. After this, the intergovernmental commissions will sign the documents, followed by the foreign ministers. Then, the parliaments of both countries will ratify the agreement. Finally, the presidents of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan will sign it, and the process will conclude with an exchange of notes.” Japarov noted, however, that the process would take time to finalize. “It will take another 1-2 years to carry out demarcation work before the issue is fully settled. The most important thing is that we have reached a bilateral agreement,” he said. Addressing Checkerboard Villages When asked about the fairness of the border resolution, Japarov highlighted the balanced nature of the agreement: “In border disputes, it’s impossible to consider only one side’s interests. Decisions are made by considering the needs of both countries. For instance, some disputed sections of the border were split equally. In cases where houses were mixed, like in checkerboard villages, we resolved these issues too.” To address these mixed-border settlements, Japarov explained that families whose homes fall on the other side of the border will be relocated. Tajik families residing on Kyrgyz land will be moved by Tajikistan, and Kyrgyz families on Tajik land will be relocated by Kyrgyzstan. “We will build new homes for them elsewhere, considering the size of their land,” Japarov assured. Peaceful Resolution a Priority Japarov emphasized the importance of resolving the dispute through peaceful and cooperative means. He underscored that resolving border issues would improve border management, avoid future tensions, and build trust between the two nations. Once the demarcation process began, Japarov promised full transparency and regular updates for the public. Historical Context Tensions along the Kyrgyz-Tajik border have been ongoing for decades, with significant disputes intensifying in the late 2000s and early 2010s. In these areas, infrastructure complications have exacerbated the problem. Both countries began constructing alternate roads to avoid crossing into each other’s territory, but rugged terrain and limited financial resources have slowed progress. One of the most challenging areas is the road connecting Batken to the Kyrgyz village of Ak-Sai and the Tajik enclave of Vorukh. This road weaves through Kyrgyz and Tajik territory several times, and in some sections, the road itself serves as the border.

smuggling Public Security Motor fuel borders Crime Border

Underground Smuggling Tunnel Uncovered on Uzbek-Kazakh Border

Under the coordination of Kazakhstan’s Turkestan Region Prosecutor’s Office and in cooperation with Uzbek law enforcement, authorities dismantled a criminal group and shut down a tunnel used for smuggling petroleum products. One tunnel, stretching 450 meters between the two countries, was used to smuggle 5–7 tons of fuel and lubricants daily. The smuggling operation had been active for two months before being brought to an end. Investigations revealed that a well-organized transnational criminal group was behind the tunnel, using it to facilitate the illicit transfer of goods and funds between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Meanwhile, Uzbekistan’s State Security Service (DXX) uncovered another illegal underground tunnel on the Tashkent-Kazakhstan border. Working in coordination with the Tashkent-Aero customs complex, border troops, and military personnel, the DXX exposed a cross-border smuggling operation involving large quantities of substandard drugs imported from India into Uzbekistan via Kazakhstan. In a related case, a similar underground passage was discovered in April in Kyrgyzstan’s Jalal-Abad region. This tunnel was being used to smuggle people and contraband goods into Uzbekistan.

Digitization borders European Union Customs Digitalization International transport

EU-Funded Electronic Queue Management System Aims to End Border Delays in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan’s State Customs Service has launched a pilot Electronic Queue Management System (eQMS) at the Kyzyl-Kiya road border crossing with Uzbekistan. The system is designed to simplify and expedite border-crossing procedures for truck drivers. Using the eQMS website, drivers can reserve time slots and access a designated waiting zone at their scheduled time, according to the Delegation of the European Union to the Kyrgyz Republic. European Union Support Funded by the European Union, the eQMS is part of Kyrgyzstan’s broader effort to enhance economic and regional trade integration. The initiative is implemented with technical support from the International Trade Centre (ITC), a United Nations agency, under the Ready4Trade Central Asia: Fostering Prosperity Through the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor project. Marilyn Josefson, Ambassador of the European Union to the Kyrgyz Republic, emphasized the significance of the initiative: “The European Union is proud to support Kyrgyzstan's efforts to modernize its border management through the eQMS pilot initiative. Improving soft connectivity and facilitation of trade and border procedures is a crucial step in advancing the operational efficiency of the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor and supporting the internationalization of Central Asian businesses, ultimately fostering sustainable economic development and stronger regional integration,” said Josefson. Advancing Border Efficiency Almaz Saliev, deputy chairman of the State Customs Service of Kyrgyzstan, highlighted the transformational nature of the project: “This system is not only an operational improvement but also a commitment to a modern, user-centered approach to border management.” The new system addresses longstanding issues faced by Kyrgyz exporters and freight forwarders, particularly delays at border crossings. While the pilot project focuses on the Uzbekistan border, border delays have also been a recurring problem for Kyrgyz trucks crossing into Kazakhstan. These delays have disrupted goods transit to Russia and other destinations, prompting periodic complaints from Kyrgyzstan about excessive queues. The eQMS pilot project marks a significant step toward more efficient, transparent, and reliable border management, paving the way for smoother trade flows and stronger regional connectivity.