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Kyrgyzstan Offers Digital Nomad Status to Foreign Specialists

Kyrgyzstan’s President Sadyr Japarov has signed legislative amendments introducing the status of Digital Nomad for foreign citizens working in information and communication technologies (ICT), software development, creative industries, and related areas. Digital Nomads are exempt from mandatory registration at their place of domicile in Kyrgyzstan, can obtain a personal identification number (PIN), do not need to obtain permits for work, enjoy the right to engage in entrepreneurial activity as an individual entrepreneur or a legal entity, and are allowed to open bank accounts. According to the Ministry of Economy and Commerce, which spearheaded the amendments, this initiative aims to create favorable conditions for attracting digital nomads to Kyrgyzstan. It is expected to contribute to the development of innovative projects, the growth of high-tech industries, increased tax revenues, job creation, and tourism development. In neighboring Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that as of November 18, 2024, the country has enacted updated visa regulations to attract business immigrants, skilled professionals, and tourists. Kazakhstan is introducing a Digital Nomad Visa, a single-entry electronic or multiple-entry paper visa for IT specialists, allowing long-term residence. Additionally, the Neo Nomad Visa offers extended stays to “neo-nomads” who have a verified monthly income of at least $3,000. Applicants for the Neo Nomad Visa must provide health insurance and proof of a clean criminal record.

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Solidarity Center: Central Asian Migrant Workers Face Low Pay and Unsafe Workplaces

Central Asian migrant workers face new challenges as they look for well-paying jobs, with economic shifts and political instability adding to the uncertainty. More women and young people also choose to migrate, often facing unique risks. Panelists at a recent Solidarity Center webinar highlighted that protecting these workers’ rights is more effective when countries in the region work together on safe migration plans. A Solidarity Center study involving over 1,000 migrant workers from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan found that Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are the primary countries of origin, while Kazakhstan is becoming a growing destination. Most participants (58%) left due to low wages in their home countries, and 31% cited a lack of jobs as their main reason for migrating. Russia, once a top destination for Central Asian workers, has seen a drop in migrant numbers since its economy took a hit following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. A migrant worker from Uzbekistan shared that overtime hours weren’t paid, and medical expenses had to come out of his pocket if he got sick. According to Lola Abdukadyrova, Solidarity Center's regional director in Kyrgyzstan, this story reflects the harsh conditions many migrant workers face—no overtime pay, no sick leave, and frequent discrimination or harassment. Abdukadyrova noted that for nearly 30% of Kyrgyz migrant households, money for food is often a struggle. In Uzbekistan, this rate rises to 45%, as shared by Nodira Karimova, director of the Republican Social Information Center Istiqbolli Avlod. Abdukadyrova added that many migrants earn only enough for basic food, and they face delayed payments, heavier workloads without extra pay, and unsafe working conditions. “Kazakhstan has endorsed the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) and participates in various regional migration dialogues,” said Aleksandr Mukha, director of the Mangistau Regional Branch of the Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law. In another significant win for migrant worker rights organizations, Kyrgyzstan issued the GCM in August to improve conditions for Kyrgyz citizens who travel abroad to earn their livelihoods. The Times of Central Asia has previously written about how that Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine has increased pressure on Central Asian migrants.

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New Visa for Modern Nomads Introduced in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan has introduced a new "Neo Nomad" visa for modern nomads and working tourists who combine work and travel. The new visa regime was developed using the experience of more than 50 countries that have introduced similar programs after the pandemic. To obtain a Neo-Nomad visa, foreign citizens must prove a stable income of at least $3,000 per month, provide health insurance, and provide a certificate showing that they have no criminal record. The visa is designed for representatives of various industries, including IT, marketing, finance, consulting, design, and e-commerce. The visa holder can stay in Kazakhstan for up to one year while continuing to work for a foreign company. This will allow foreign citizens to immerse themselves in the local culture, and Kazakhstan to generate additional revenue -- which, according to estimates, could amount to about $8 million a year if visas are issued to 500 individuals. Foreigners who take advantage of Neo Nomad will reside and spend the funds in Kazakhstan. The program also does not affect Kazakhstan's labor market, as foreign citizens do not take local jobs. Tourism and Sports Minister Yerbol Myrzabasynov said the joint efforts of several ministries have made Kazakhstan attractive to digital nomads, whose number globally has reached 35 million. Almaty and Astana are already on the list of the 150 best cities for this type of tourist. Many countries have already introduced visas for digital nomads, attracting remote workers and stimulating the economy. For example, Spain offers the Digital Nomad Visa, which allows you to live and work remotely for up to 12 months with the possibility of an extension. Portugal has a D7 Visa program targeting passive income earners, including remote workers. These visas contribute to the development of the local economy, increase consumption, and attract skilled professionals.

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Soar in Lithuania’s Central Asian Migrant Population

Lithuanian intelligence reports that the number of Central Asian migrants in the country has increased 14-fold since 2021. According to Prime Minister Ingrida Šimonytė, the number overall is still relatively small and is not a cause for concern. She explained that the labor market, once filled by workers from Ukraine and Belarus, has shifted following the call for Ukrainian men to fight in the war. As a result, more Central Asian workers are being hired. Darius Jauniškis, head of Lithuania’s State Security Department, told LNK News that his agency cannot screen all migrants, raising counter-intelligence and terrorism concerns, and because the government is working on next year’s budget, his remark is perceived as a request for more funding for the VSD (State Security Department). In response, the Prime Minister said the growth in migrants, though large, isn't particularly high. She stated that only a few hundred foreign nationals had been issued with temporary residence permits in Lithuania this year, but added: “There were indeed problems. These problems were already partially regulated by existing laws- and - from 2025 onwards, when the quota [for workers from third countries] who can come to Lithuania will be in force, it will be possible to impose additional regulations on these issues." Data from the Migration Department shows that as of October 1, around 10,600 Uzbeks were living in Lithuania, compared to 8,200 at the start of the year, and the 998 recorded in early 2022. Thus, Uzbeks now make up the fourth-largest foreign community in Lithuania. The number of migrants from Tajikistan also increased from 5,700 to 7,200 in the first nine months of 2024.

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Kyrgyzstan Reports Growing Return Migration

Kyrgyzstan’s Ministry of Labor, Social Security and Migration and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) announced the results of their assessment of the country’s migration trends on October 15. The statistics show that return migration increased from 2020 to April 2024, and the number of migrants returning to Kyrgyzstan is continuing to grow. The number of returning migrants increased by 85% in 2023 compared to the previous year. Kyrgyzstan’s southern Osh and Batken regions and the northern Chui region lead the figures in the number of returning labor migrants. According to the report, the number of Kyrgyz citizens who plan to migrate once again to the country from which they have just returned has decreased by half. In June, the Speaker of the Kyrgyz Parliament, Nurlanbek Shakiyev said that more Kyrgyz people are returning from abroad, and over the past two years, the numbers have reached 241,000. Shakiyev cited the opening of many new industrial enterprises in Kyrgyzstan in recent years as a reason for growing return migration, emphasizing that Kyrgyz citizens can now earn more at home. Over the past 30 years, hundreds of thousands of Kyrgyz citizens have left their homeland as labor migrants, mainly for Russia. In the last couple of years, however, there has been a growing trend of return migration largely caused by Russia's deteriorating economic situation, depreciation of the ruble, stricter rules and harsher attitudes toward Central Asian immigrants, and increasing attempts by the Russian authorities to recruit Central Asian immigrants (with or without Russian passports) to join Russian troops fighting in Ukraine. According to a 2022 census by Kyrgyzstan’s National Statistics Committee, more than 876,000 Kyrgyz citizens (close to 15% of the country’s population) migrated abroad. The top five destination countries for Kyrgyz migrants were Russia (870,304), Kazakhstan (2,158), Turkey (1,828), Germany (336), and South Korea (240). The IOM report states that 328,458 Kyrgyz nationals have lived abroad since 2020. As of 2023, 79% live in Russia, 4.5% in Kazakhstan, and 4% in Turkey. According to the report, the primary drivers of migration were dissatisfaction with wages in Kyrgyzstan (26%), lack of job opportunities (17%), financial difficulties and debts (16%), and a perceived lack of prosperity in their homeland (10%). According to the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic, in 2023, remittances from Kyrgyz labor migrants totaled $2.144 billion, compared to $1.873 billion in 2022.

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Passenger Train Between Tashkent and Moscow Resumes

After a four-year break, the passenger train service on the Tashkent-Moscow-Tashkent route has resumed. The service reopened this week, with passenger trains now departing from Tashkent and back from Moscow once a week. The first Tashkent-Moscow train departed from Tashkent’s central railway station on September 24, and is scheduled to arrive at the Paveletsky railway station in Moscow on September 27. Passenger train service on the Bishkek-Moscow route will resume in 2025. The passenger train between Bishkek and Moscow has been out of operation since the COVID-19 pandemic. After the pandemic, trains from Bishkek and the Russian city of Samara resumed. Passenger trains to Moscow were temporarily suspended from Bishkek and other Eurasian countries due to a large-scale reconstruction of the Moscow railway junction that began after the pandemic. Relatively cheap railway service to Moscow (compared to air transport) is essential for Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, as hundreds of thousands of Kyrgyz and Uzbek labor migrants work in Russia.