Education - The Times Of Central Asia

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Is Beijing’s Educational Diplomacy Turning the Dial on Central Asian Public Opinion?

OSH, KYRGYZSTAN – On the eastern bank of the Ak-Buura River, a mini-Chinatown is developing. At Osh’s old bus station, buses and taxis hawk their services to Kashgar, 300 kilometers away over the Pamir Mountains in China’s Xinjiang Province. Blue-plated SUVs stand by the roadside, sporting the 新 character that also symbolizes their origin in Xinjiang. At the Kelechek Bazaar, hordes of money changers shout the best rates for Dollars, Uzbek Som, and Chinese Yuan. Tucked away from the mêlée behind the Peking Hotel is the five-story Confucius Institute. “The Chinese language is in huge demand right now,” said Ali, a student who has moved to Osh from nearby Uzbekistan to study here. He believes the move will be good for his career. “It’s the best opportunity for anyone in this region,” he told The Times of Central Asia, before enthusing about his plans to study in China next year. [caption id="attachment_30054" align="aligncenter" width="1600"] The Confucius Institute in Osh, Kyrgyzstan; image: Joe Luc Barnes[/caption] “There’s a strong possibility that the younger generation will have a more positive view towards China,” Yunis Sharifli, a non-resident fellow at the China Global South Project told TCA. “This is good for China-Central Asia relations because we know that in the past, anti-China sentiments have hindered cooperation.” Chinese diplomats often refer to win-win diplomacy, where engagement between states can lead to positive outcomes for both sides. This is viewed with understandable cynicism by those who see Beijing’s diplomacy as entirely self-interested, but when it comes to education, even if we avoid the term win-win, the opportunities that it offers young Central Asians are hard to deny. In return, China hopes to create a network of influence and goodwill from people like Ali. Nevertheless, the jury is out on whether it is working. [caption id="attachment_30053" align="aligncenter" width="1600"] China-plated cars are an increasingly common sight in Kyrgyzstan; image: Joe Luc Barnes[/caption] Swelling numbers Given that numerous questions have been asked about the accuracy of China’s own population data, monitoring the number of foreign students in the country can be a fiendish task. The consensus is that the numbers are increasing. Chinese state media outlet Xinhua claimed that student numbers grew from 11,930 to 29,885 between 2010 and 2018, and have recovered since the pandemic. One recent report put the number of Kazakh students alone at “approaching 20,000”. These numbers are unlikely to dethrone Russia as the top destination for Central Asian students any time soon. Moscow claimed in 2023 that 168,000 Central Asians were studying in the country, with around a third of them being funded by the Russian government. However, Sharifli believes that Russia’s luster is beginning to wane. “Moscow State University has historically been very attractive for Central Asian people, particularly in the social science or the technical fields,” said Sharifli. “But since the war [in Ukraine] began there has been a lot of discrimination against Central Asians in Russia.” This was demonstrated in a recent account given to The Times of Central Asia by...

Afghanistan Security Education Diplomacy Women's rights Regional Security

Opinion: Balancing Rights and Realities – Engaging Afghanistan for Change

The attention of the international community has once again turned to human rights in Afghanistan following the latest report by Richard Bennett, the United Nations Human Rights Council’s Special Rapporteur on Afghanistan. In his report, Bennett recommended that member states consider the concept of gender apartheid and support its codification, noting that Afghan women regard this term as the most accurate description of their situation. This initiative emerged in response to the tightening restrictions on women and girls imposed by the Taliban. The renewed focus on gender issues is not exactly what Central Asian countries expect in the context of Afghan settlement. For them, it is far more important to address pressing issues of security, economic cooperation, and control of migration flows, which directly affect regional stability. Therefore, Central Asian states prefer to concentrate on practical steps and avoid over-politicizing issues that could complicate dialogue with the Taliban and exacerbate the situation in neighboring Afghanistan. Today, women’s rights have become a cornerstone in the international community’s attempts to establish dialogue with the Taliban. The rights of women in Afghanistan have been a journey, with different periods bringing different challenges. Back in the 1920s, Amanullah Khan was a real game-changer, giving Afghan women the official equal status they deserved. But then things changed a bit during King Zahir Shah's reign (1933–1973) when education became a priority, and girls started going to school. By 1973, a heartening number of 150,000 girls were proudly enrolled in schools across the country. And let's not forget the momentous step of Kabul University opening its doors to women in 1947. Since the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021, women’s rights in Afghanistan have been significantly curtailed. Women are banned from attending educational institutions, working in most sectors, traveling without a male escort, and participating in public life. These measures have already received widespread international condemnation — rightfully so — but the official recognition of "gender apartheid" as a crime against humanity could give this issue a new legal status and increase pressure on the Islamic Emirate. The question is: How productive is this approach? The politicization of Afghan settlement, especially through the lens of women’s rights, may only worsen the situation. Making gender issues a precondition for dialogue severely limits the space for negotiations with the Taliban regime. In the United Nations itself, the Taliban are considered the "de facto authorities" of Afghanistan, and dialogue with them takes place at various bilateral and multilateral levels. In this context, strict demands on women’s rights could delay or even halt the process of engagement. This is because the Taliban perceives such conditions as interference in their internal affairs and cultural norms. Dialogue at an Impasse: Is an Inclusive Government Being Set Aside? The international community — primarily its Western segment — and the Islamic Emirate have taken extremely rigid positions. For international actors, women’s and girls’ rights have become the top priority, while the issue of forming an inclusive government in Afghanistan has receded into the background....

Trade Economic Cooperation Water Tourism Transport Education

Kazakh and Kyrgyz Prime Ministers Discuss Trade, Transport, and Water Cooperation

On February 24, Kazakhstan’s Prime Minister Olzhas Bektenov held talks in Astana with Adylbek Kasymaliyev, Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan. The visit marked Kasymaliyev’s first official foreign trip since his appointment as Kyrgyzstan’s prime minister in December last year. Expanding Trade and Economic Cooperation The discussions covered trade, transit, water and energy cooperation, investment, and cultural ties, according to the Kazakh government’s press service. Bektenov noted that bilateral trade reached $1.7 billion last year, underscoring Kazakhstan’s role as one of Kyrgyzstan’s key trading partners. Kasymaliyev reaffirmed both governments' commitment to raising trade volume to $3 billion by 2030, a goal set by the presidents of both countries. He also revealed that Kazakhstani companies invested nearly $49 million in Kyrgyzstan’s economy in the first nine months of 2024. New Industrial Trade and Logistics Complex Kasymaliyev emphasized the importance of the Industrial Trade and Logistics Complex at the Kyrgyz-Kazakh border, which aims to streamline cargo transportation and enhance trade efficiency. The complex, located near the Karasu and Ak-Tilek road checkpoints, will be one of the largest cargo hubs in Central Asia, facilitating consolidation, processing, and distribution of goods. Land plots have already been allocated, and the Alatau industrial zone has been established in Kazakhstan’s Zhambyl region to support the project. Energy Cooperation and Food Security Kasymaliyev highlighted the potential duty-free supply of Kazakh oil to Kyrgyzstan, which would bolster Kyrgyzstan’s energy security and lower fuel costs for consumers. Additionally, both sides discussed building a trade and logistics warehouse in Kazakhstan’s Almaty region to store and distribute fruits and vegetables, ensuring stable fresh produce supplies and improving food security. Kasymaliyev stressed that these initiatives would create jobs, attract investment, and strengthen economic cooperation. Improving Transport and Border Infrastructure In the transit and transport sector, both governments focused on modernizing automobile checkpoints to boost cargo capacity at the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border. Water Cooperation Water resource management was another key topic, particularly irrigation water supplies from Kyrgyzstan to Kazakhstan for the upcoming growing season. Discussions centered on the Shu (Chu) and Talas rivers, which are crucial for agriculture in both countries. Tourism and Education The talks also explored expanding cross-border tourism, including: Developing eco-routes Improving active tourism infrastructure Attracting investment in the hotel industry Additionally, the two leaders discussed preparations for opening branches of Kazakh universities in Kyrgyzstan to enhance educational cooperation. The meeting underscored Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan’s commitment to deepening economic, energy, and infrastructure ties, while also addressing key water and environmental concerns. The successful implementation of these initiatives will boost regional integration and economic growth for both nations.

Education Investments Transportation Islamic Development Bank

Islamic Development Bank Funds $299M in Uzbek Education and Infrastructure

Uzbekistan and the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) have signed two agreements totaling $299 million to enhance the country’s education system and upgrade road infrastructure. The agreements were signed at the Al-Ula Conference for Emerging Market Economies by IsDB Chairman Dr. Muhammad Al Jasser and Uzbekistan’s Deputy Prime Minister Jamshid Kuchkarov. The first agreement, worth $160.25 million, aims to improve the quality of Uzbekistan’s education system. In partnership with the Global Partnership for Education, the project will fund the construction of 58 modern schools equipped with laboratories, furniture, and digital learning tools. The initiative also includes: The construction of 2,431 classrooms Teacher training programs Reforms in student assessment Support for inclusive education By 2026, the project is expected to provide all children in Uzbekistan with access to a competency-based education system that ensures equal learning opportunities and improves overall student performance. The second agreement, valued at $138.8 million, focuses on upgrading a stretch of the A373 highway in the Tashkent region, a key transportation route between the Uzbek capital and Osh in Kyrgyzstan. The improvements aim to reduce travel time along the section by half — bringing it down to 30 minutes by 2030 — and lower road accidents by 40%, reducing the annual number of incidents to 24. The project will expand the highway to four lanes, increasing its capacity to handle higher traffic volumes. The upgrades are also expected to boost regional trade and tourism, while strengthening Uzbekistan’s transport links with neighboring countries. As part of its broader commitment to Uzbekistan’s development, the IsDB previously announced a $260 million plan in April last year to support infrastructure improvements from 2024 to 2028. The initiative will focus on Samarkand, Surxondaryo, and Qashqadaryo provinces, funding the construction of schools, medical centers, water supply networks, and upgraded electricity systems. These agreements highlight Uzbekistan’s ongoing efforts to modernize its infrastructure and improve the quality of life for its citizens, with strong backing from international financial institutions.

Education textbooks school education Audit Budget

Frequent Textbook Revisions Cost Kazakhstan Over $32 Million, Audit Reveals

Frequent reissues of school textbooks have cost Kazakhstan’s state budget more than 16 billion KZT (over $32 million) in the past five years, according to a report by the country’s Supreme Audit Chamber (SAC). “Reforms in educational standards are being carried out unsystematically. Frequent changes in curricula have led to revisions of already issued textbooks and inefficient budget expenditures. Over the past five years, economic losses due to textbook revisions have exceeded 16 billion KZT,” the report stated. Supreme Audit Chamber head Alikhan Smailov explained that the criteria for evaluating textbooks have changed about 12 times in recent years, leading to repeated reprints of secondary school textbooks at the state’s expense. In 2023, the Ministry of Education updated textbooks for third, fifth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh grades, affecting 14 subjects as well as curricula for children with special educational needs. As a result, budget funds were allocated for the purchase of nearly 20 new textbooks aligned with the revised program. Since 2023, a regulation has been in place requiring publishers to cover the cost of reprinting textbooks but only in cases of printing defects or deviations from the approved version reviewed by the expert commission. When changes are made to school curricula, the government remains responsible for financing new textbook editions. The Supreme Audit Chamber believes that many of these revisions stem from deficiencies in the initial expert review of textbooks. Moreover, the expertise process is still not conducted through the public service monitoring system, which would allow for better oversight of its effectiveness. The audit revealed further inefficiencies in budget planning for schools, identifying: 62.4 billion KZT ($126 million) in misallocated funds 1.1 billion KZT ($2.2 million) in financial violations 3.2 billion KZT ($6.4 million) in misuse of public funds One example cited was discrepancies between the Ministry of Labor’s teacher demand forecasts and the actual needs of the education system when allocating funding for teacher training programs. Auditors also found that 66 schools across Kazakhstan, both public and private, were operating without valid licenses for educational activities. Additionally, only 18.2% of schools pass their certification on the first attempt, highlighting systemic weaknesses in school administration. The report also noted serious deficiencies in teacher training, retraining programs, and methodological support for educators. “We have increased financing for secondary education more than threefold in recent years. Given this, the state expects better outcomes from these investments,” said SAC head Smailov. As The Times of Central Asia previously reported, one in ten Kazakh emigrants cites the pursuit of better education, both for themselves and their children, as a key reason for leaving the country.

Organization of Turkic States High education International Cooperation Turkey Education

International University of Turkic States Established in Tashkent

Uzbekistan is to establish the International University of Turkic States in Tashkent. The university aims to strengthen political, economic, cultural, and humanitarian ties among Turkic states. The institution will offer specialized training in engineering, construction, logistics, information technology, healthcare, agriculture, and the food industry, as well as economic and social sciences. Educational programs will be developed in collaboration with leading universities in Turkey, ensuring international academic standards. The university is a non-governmental higher education institution, jointly founded by the Councils of Higher Education of Uzbekistan and Turkey. Starting in the 2025/2026 academic year, its curricula will be based on those of Turkish universities ranked in the top 1,000 globally. A Step Toward Deeper Turkic Cooperation The university’s establishment represents another milestone in strengthening cooperation among the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). Founded in 2009, the OTS includes Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, with Hungary and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus holding observer status. Over the past decade, economic ties among OTS members have significantly expanded, with trade volume surpassing $45 billion in 2024. According to the Turkish Ministry of Finance, by the end of 2024, the combined economies of the Turkic states reached an estimated $1.9 trillion, with a population of 178 million. In a related development, The Times of Central Asia reported that in September 2024, the Astana-based Turkic Academy finalized the Common Turkic Alphabet, a Latin-based script consisting of 34 letters. Originally proposed by linguists in 1991, the alphabet aims to enhance mutual understanding and cooperation among Turkic-speaking nations while preserving their linguistic heritage.