In late October, Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev delivered a speech on the eve of the country’s Republic Day holiday. While casting a view back to the declaration of independence in 1990, it was a multi-pronged evaluation of the events in the country’s current context. This approach allowed Tokayev to wear two hats – one as the head of state, which he has worn since 2019, and one as a professionally-trained political scientist and diplomat.

Five main themes stood out in the President’s speech: The independence as the highest national value; the focus on a balanced, peaceful and co-operative foreign policy; the irreversibility of the recent progressive reforms which have strengthened rule of law and shifted the governance culture; the crucial role of the youth in shaping Kazakhstan’s future, and finally, the nation’s commitment to honoring the honest and dedicated work of its citizens.

The President’s evaluation of his first theme, underlining the importance of the country’s independence, included a roll-call of more than a dozen unsung heroes of the early 1990s, who gave birth to the new state. “This declaration of independence,” he affirmed, “met the aspirations and expectations of the people and was adopted thanks to the wisdom and prudence of the country’s patriots,” whose “courage and determination, shown at a critical hour can be regarded as true heroism.”

While Tokayev did not include himself in that list, likely out of modesty, everyone listening to the speech knew that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, he became the deputy foreign minister of a newly independent Kazakhstan in 1992. He stayed in that post for the better part of a decade before becoming deputy prime minister and then prime minister in 1999. From 2002 to 2007, he represented the country’s foreign ministry and served as state secretary. Thereafter, he variously spent two years as Director-General of the United Nations Geneva Office, and served as chairman of Kazakhstan’s Senate, until 2019 when he became President.

Secondly, President Tokayev underlined that Kazakhstan’s balanced, peaceful and co-operative foreign policy was central to the nation’s strategy to consolidate and preserve its independence by safeguarding peace and harmony beyond its borders. The President’s message underscored the significance of Kazakhstan’s “precious legacy” of independence.

This represents, he pointed out, the latest in a historical series of Kazakh states stretching back to Turkic Khaganates, the Golden Horde and the Kazakh Khanate. However, as Tokayev stressed, the present state of Kazakhstan represents not only a historical achievement but also an ongoing commitment to the future that shapes the country’s diplomatic strategy and its approach to global interactions.

President Tokayev’s Republic Day speech also articulated the imperative of “zero tolerance” towards any manifestations of radicalism, extremism, legal nihilism, and everyday vandalism. These phenomena cannot be allowed because the maintenance of social stability and unity is the foundational domestic requirement for upholding sovereignty and statehood. His strict position on combatting these destructive forces is part and parcel of the government’s commitment ensure that the rule of law is respected and upheld.

Since it is the President’s reforms over the past several years that have significantly strengthened the rule of law in Kazakhstan and transformed the political landscape and the mindset of the populace, it is natural that the third main theme of his Republic Day speech centered on the irreversibility of these reforms.

As a result of Tokayev’s ambitious and progressive reforms, there has been a significant shift in the culture of governance. This shift has, in turn, created a new operational dynamic of the state that has become, in a relatively short time, so firmly rooted that any reversion to the country’s previous methods has become almost unthinkable.

This new forward-thinking approach to national development and governance accents his fourth main point, which is the young people’s crucial role in shaping the country’s future. Tokayev recognized the younger generation, their energy and innovative potential, their creativity and adaptability, as essential drivers of the nation’s continuing advance. “Today’s youth,” he said, “personifies the image of Kazakhstan,” and what Kazakhstan “will become in the future depends on the younger generation.”

This focus on the youth reflects a strategic vision seeking to empower the next generation as custodians of the nation’s legacy, which Tokayev set out in his first point, and as architects of its destiny. Especially for the young generation, he stressed, “It is necessary for Republic Day to become a special holiday that strengthens people’s faith in the future.”

Finally, as his fifth main point, the President underscored the need to honor honest and responsible work and to celebrate it as a cornerstone of the nation’s progress. To promote this, he has in the past presented state awards to hundreds of teachers, doctors, rural workers, labor veterans and industrial workers, emphasising the nation’s work ethic and the need to reward the hard work and dedication of its citizens.

It would not be an exaggeration to say that President Tokayev’s 2023 Republic Day speech is a historical document marking the first 33 years (or a third of a century) of Kazakhstan’s independent existence. His five main areas of emphasis represented a balanced focus on domestic and foreign affairs while acknowledging the state as the people’s autonomous national agent, at the domestic-foreign interface, that safeguards and directs the country’s path through turbulent times.

In the first half of November, Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received a series of global leaders who came to Kazakhstan for high-level meetings. French President Emmanuel Macron arrived at the beginning of the month for two days of intensive talks prior to signing significant agreements. Immediately after, the heads of state of the members of the Organisation of Turkic States attended the organisation’s tenth anniversary summit meeting in Astana, hosted by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. A few days later, Russia’s President Vladimir Putin, accompanied by his foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, came to Kazakhstan for wide-ranging bilateral consultations.

This busy itinerary reinforces Kazakhstan’s role a pivotal player in global geopolitics. The country’s diplomatic activity in recent years has become key to maintaining a delicate balance within Central Asia. Kazakhstan has also played a lodestar role in guiding the region on how to balance the increasingly fractured international system, reflecting both the country’s geopolitical realities and its greater ambitions on the international stage. In this environment, Kazakhstan’s President Tokayev has skilfully navigated relationships with regional players and global powerhouses.

Macron’s first stop in Central Asia

French President Macron’s visit to Kazakhstan in early November was the first stop in his strategic tour of Central Asia. During his meeting with President Tokayev, Macron signed several important agreements concerning crucial sectors for future development and bilateral co-operation, including critical minerals, energy, pharmaceuticals and aerospace. These agreements signify France’s realisation that, amidst Russia and China’s increasing influence in this region, France must strengthen its own relations with Central Asian countries.

The agreements signed are not only economically substantial but also strategically astute. France is the fifth-biggest foreign investor in Kazakhstan, with existing ties in the energy and uranium mining sectors. France’s energy giant TotalEnergies has been long involved in the offshore Kashagan oilfield, while French company Orano, whose leader was included in Macron’s delegation, runs a uranium mine in Kazakhstan. French energy company EDF is in contention for a contract to build Kazakhstan’s first nuclear power station. All these projects underscore France’s strategic interest in its long-standing partnership with the country.

As such, President Macron’s visit is not merely a diplomatic courtesy but a demonstration of France’s recognition of Kazakhstan’s growing importance in international affairs. It also signifies a global shift of geopolitical focus towards Central Asia, where Kazakhstan stands as the leading country. Bilateral relations between the two countries are poised to develop robustly, exerting a significant influence on the region’s economic and political dynamics.

President Tokayev hosted a successful OTS summit

The tenth anniversary summit of the Organisation of Turkic States (OTS) in Astana was an important moment in the history of Turkic co-operation. President Tokayev as the host (and representing Kazakhstan as a key OTS member) played a central role in shaping the summit’s agenda and objectives. Two principal concerns of the gathering were to boost economic co-operation and diversify transport corridors. This emphasis aligns with the OTS members’ economic development strategies to increase exports. Special attention was given to ways to support small and medium-sized businesses.

As the commitment to this focus demonstrates, member countries recognize their shared heritage and the potential of their combined economic power. The summit provides an invaluable opportunity for them to explore new avenues of co-operation, align their strategic interests and address common challenges. The cultural and linguistic commonalities among the OTS members facilitate a deeper understanding and a more cohesive approach to regional and global issues, making this platform uniquely effective.

Kazakhstan’s role and objectives within the OTS are noteworthy, including its drive to enhance partnerships for economic and diplomatic dialogue with its fellow Turkic countries. This strategic focus aligns with the country’s broader foreign policy goals. Kazakhstan, as host of the summit, has emerged as a leader in Central Asia’s regional integration efforts.

In addition to Kazakhstan, OTS members Azerbaijan and Turkey have also emphasised the diversification of transport corridors. This recognizes not only the need to improve transit infrastructures, but also the fact that the corridors themselves will have knock-on effects to boost economic development.

Vladimir Putin visits Astana

The subsequent visit by Russian President Putin, accompanied by Foreign Minister Lavrov, focused on strategic issues in the agricultural and logistical sectors, underscoring Kazakhstan’s increasing role in Russian foreign trade. In addition, Tokayev and Putin discussed energy co-operation and future projects, including the possible construction of new pipelines and power plants in Kazakhstan.

The discussions also focussed on fertiliser sale and transport. While openly stressing its commitment to international rules and norms with regard to restrictions on certain countries and commodities, Kazakhstan is also creating conditions to become a logistics hub for Russian commodities destined for China, India, Iran and other countries in Asia. The country already operates a key railroad link between Russia and China, and it maintains a railroad connection with Iran along the Caspian Sea.

There is no question that, under President Tokayev’s leadership, Eurasian trade dynamics will make Kazakhstan a key logistical player facilitating transit of essential commodities like wheat and fertilisers to large markets in Asia. Here again, Kazakhstan’s central position in Central Asia sets the stage for it to benefit from the extension of transit corridors and the reconfiguration of regional and global supply chains.

President Tokayev’s diplomatic balancing act in the stand-off between Russia and the West has emerged as a key aspect of his foreign policy. Kazakhstan’s international norms-based nonalignment, together with its strategic location, enables it to engage with major powers on different fronts. As a key player in the region, the country has been purchasing large quantities of Russian natural gas (which Europe has largely stopped buying) for domestic consumption, allowing it to increase its own gas exports to China.

Conclusion

President Tokayev’s ability to host leaders from countries with contrasting global agendas, from Russian President Vladimir Putin to French President Emmanuel Macron, illustrates his unique approach. His diplomatic strategy has redefined Kazakhstan’s role in Central Asia and beyond. Under his leadership, the country has skillfully positioned itself as a key diplomatic player, able to navigate the complex webs of regional and global geopolitics.

These substantive meetings also catalyse economic, cultural and strategic partnerships that bolster Kazakhstan’s position as a central hub in Eurasian affairs. Other nations of similar stature have much to learn from Kazakhstan’s example. President Tokayev has demonstrated how to leverage – ethically, pragmatically and with foresight – a geopolitical situation to maximise a country’s global impact and regional significance.

Several days ago, Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev addressed the opening session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York. He also met with the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, who called his country “a privileged partner that is a pillar of multilateralism, a promoter and defender of peace at the global level.”

Guterres in response, acclaimed Kazakhstan’s continuing cooperation with the UN, particularly its focus “on strengthening peace and security, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring human rights.” However, Tokayev’s initiatives go still deeper than that.

In a rapidly evolving global landscape, President Tokayev has articulated a series of policy proposals that not only reaffirm Kazakhstan’s traditional commitment to established international norms but also introduce innovative solutions to contemporary challenges. It is particularly the newer proposals that resonate deeply with the principles of the United Nations and the broader ethos of multilateralism.

“A privileged partner that is a pillar of multilateralism, a promoter and defender of peace at the global level“

-General Antonio Guterres, UN Secretary on Kazakhstan

Historically, Kazakhstan has been a staunch supporter of the principles enshrined in the UN Charter, demonstrating its commitment to global peace, security and co-operation. Tokayev, a diplomatic by training, has always favoured diplomatic solutions based on the UN Charter and universally recognized international law. The crisis in Ukraine has further underscored Kazakhstan’s emphasis on these principles and its belief in dialogue as the cornerstone of international relations.

On the environmental front, Tokayev reaffirmed Kazakhstan’s commitment to the Paris Climate Agreement and its emphasis on Climate-Positive Actions. These include investments in green-energy jobs and ending fossil fuel subsidies. He also offered new initiatives such as the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) and the Project Office for Central Asia on Climate Change and Green Energy.

Such progressive solutions aim to address the dual challenges of facilitating energy transition and bolstering climate resilience. The upcoming Regional Climate Summit slated for 2026 particularly underscores Kazakhstan’s proactive leadership in environmental diplomacy. It showcases the country’s alignment with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as its dedication to multilateral diplomacy and consensus.

Regarding trade and development, Kazakhstan’s proposals at the UN play to its strength as a dynamic economy in the region. The best example of this is the proposal to establish a UN Regional Centre for SDGs for Central Asia and Afghanistan in Almaty. With its significant agricultural production, Tokayev also suggested that Kazakhstan should act as a regional food supply hub. This proposition addresses the pressing issue of food security, thus resonating with the UN’s agenda.

Kazakhstan’s security and disarmament proposals are particularly noteworthy. While the country has always been a proponent of the Treaty on the Prohibition of nuclear weapons, Tokayev recommended a new Strategic Plan to aim for the total renunciation of nuclear weapons by 2045. This vision is in line with the UN’s disarmament goals moves toward limiting nuclear proliferation.

President Tokayev also put forth the idea to establish an International Agency for Biological Safety to be tasked with addressing non-conventional threats to global security. Furthermore, his proposal to elevate the status of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia—arguably Kazakhstan’s signature contribution to Asian security—to that of a full-fledged international organization underscores his commitment to regional cooperation and governance.

The social and cultural proposals that Tokayev announced at the UN General Assembly are reflect Kazakhstan’s identity as a multicultural state. The nation’s Initiative of World Unity for a Just Peace and Harmony is a comprehensive approach to global challenges that encompasses security, economic fairness and environmental sustainability. The call for legal protection for all holy books, including the Quran, against vandalism, aligns with the UN’s emphasis on cultural diplomacy and mutual respect.

Kazakhstan’s advocacy of comprehensive reform of the Security Council is equally noteworthy. President Tokayev called for a Council that would be more representative of the global community, amplifying the voices of middle powers and developing countries. This exemplifies the norm of inclusivity, which is a core principle of multilateralism.

Overall, the policy proposals, reflect Tokayev’s and Kazakhstan’s commitment to the principles of the United Nations and the broader practice of multilateralism by aligning Kazakhstan’s national interests with global priorities. With an emphasis on dialogue and cooperation, the proposals exemplify Kazakhstan’s enduring relevance of tolerance, pluralism and multilateralism, and the need for these virtues to address the challenges of the twenty-first century.