Environment - The Times Of Central Asia

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Water

Kazakhstan Launches Water Spring Clean-Up Campaign

Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation has launched an environmental campaign titled Möldir Bülak (“Transparent, Clean Spring”) aimed at restoring and protecting water springs across the country. The initiative began with the clean-up of 28 springs in southern regions: Shymkent, Almaty, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, Turkestan and Zhetisu. Around 3,800 people, including volunteers and students, took part in the effort. Participants cleared debris, restored natural spring outlets, improved surrounding areas and planted tree saplings. At the ministry’s initiative, the first volunteer movement in the water sector, Bolashaktyn Kainary, has been established in the Zhambyl region. It brings together students from the Kazakh National University of Water Management and Irrigation in Taraz. Similar volunteer groups are expected to be formed in other regions. According to officials, the movement will not be limited to environmental campaigns. It is also intended to support long-term efforts to promote water conservation and strengthen environmental awareness. At the same time, the Kaz hydrogeology National Hydrogeological Service is conducting a nationwide inventory of springs. So far, specialists have identified 711 potential springs, while a broader map of 2,772 sites has been compiled using archival materials. Springs are viewed as an additional source of water supply amid growing water shortages. By 2027, the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation plans to carry out geological exploration to identify new groundwater sources in five regions: Akmola, West Kazakhstan, Kostanay, Zhetisu and Ulytau. The initiative aims to expand groundwater reserves and provide additional water supplies for settlements, agriculture and economic sectors. Overall, 4,803 groundwater deposits have been explored in Kazakhstan for drinking water supply, irrigation and industrial use. Usable groundwater reserves are estimated at 43.2 million cubic meters per day, while only about 1.5 million cubic meters per day, roughly 3% of the total, is currently being utilised. Of the proven reserves, 21.2 million cubic meters per day could be used for drinking water, 2.4 million cubic meters per day for industrial and technical needs, and 19.6 million cubic meters per day for irrigation. “In the context of increasing water shortages and climate change, developing groundwater potential is considered a key priority for ensuring sustainable water use. Despite the significant potential of groundwater resources, a large portion remains insufficiently studied,” said Deputy Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation Talgat Momyshev.

Environment

Kyrgyz Retailers Prepare for Gradual Phase-Out of Plastic

Pressure is increasing on businesses in Kyrgyzstan to reduce their use of plastic. However, judging by the government’s latest initiatives, the transition to new environmental standards is expected to be gradual and shaped by compromise. The Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Technical Supervision has announced the launch of the “Green Entrepreneur” platform, through which companies willing to phase out plastic can obtain official recognition. The initiative comes alongside preparations for large-scale restrictions on the use of plastic bags, scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2027. Although a full ban has not yet been introduced, several major retailers have already begun reducing their use of plastic bags and bottles. Both domestic companies and international brands are participating in the process. According to the ministry, the government and the business community have agreed on a series of joint measures that are expected to reshape the packaging market in the coming years. First Deputy Minister of Natural Resources Zhenish Seydaliev described plastic pollution as a global challenge, stressing that Kyrgyzstan has the potential to take a leading role in addressing the issue at the regional level. “Only joint cooperation will lead to sustainable business development that incorporates environmental responsibility and high standards of corporate governance,” he said. One of the key instruments under discussion is the introduction of separate waste collection systems. Authorities are encouraging businesses to incentivize consumers to return plastic bottles and aluminum cans by installing reverse vending machines, automated devices that offer bonuses or refunds. Such machines are expected to appear in retail chains, markets, fuel stations, food courts, and educational institutions. At the same time, companies are being urged to switch to biodegradable packaging, a move that would require significant adjustments to logistics and operational processes. The ministry emphasizes that the reforms are not limited to banning specific products but are aimed at a broader transformation of consumption patterns. At the same time, the final regulatory framework remains under discussion. Earlier proposals from the Cabinet of Ministers suggested abandoning a complete ban on plastic products from 2027. Under a draft law currently undergoing public consultation, certain plastic products may continue to be permitted provided they comply with the Eurasian Economic Union’s technical regulation on packaging safety. This approach reflects an effort to balance environmental objectives with economic considerations. Some restrictions are already being implemented at the regional level. The Issyk-Kul region has introduced a ban on plastic bags, which is being treated as a pilot project for potential nationwide reforms. Nevertheless, significant structural challenges remain. Plastic is estimated to account for up to one quarter of all waste in Kyrgyzstan’s landfills. Domestic production meets only around 15% of demand, with the remainder imported primarily from China, Iran, and Kazakhstan.

Desertification

Environmental Pressures Affect Up to 80% of Irrigated Land in Turkmenistan

Environmental pressures in Turkmenistan are intensifying, with desertification, water scarcity, and ecological degradation posing increasing risks to agriculture and public health, according to a recent analysis cited by News-Asia. The study was prepared by experts from the Central Asia Climate Foundation (CACF)’s climate change and green energy project office ahead of a regional environmental summit scheduled for April 22–24 in Astana. Researchers warn that desertification has reached critical levels across large parts of the country. The expansion of the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts is described as among the fastest globally, threatening farmland, infrastructure, and living standards. Land degradation is being exacerbated by overgrazing, soil salinization and inefficient water use. As a result, up to 80% of irrigated land is affected by elevated groundwater salinity, reducing soil productivity. Water scarcity remains another major challenge. Turkmenistan relies heavily on transboundary rivers, particularly the Amu Darya, leaving it vulnerable to upstream water management decisions. Climate change is also contributing to reduced flows in rivers such as the Atrek, Murgab, and Tejen. Much of the irrigation infrastructure dates back to the Soviet era and suffers from significant losses, while agriculture accounts for around 90% of total water consumption. The analysis highlights the continuing regional impact of the Aral Sea crisis. The drying of the sea has increased the frequency of salt and dust storms carrying harmful substances across Central Asia. In northern regions, including Dashoguz, medical specialists have reported rising rates of respiratory illness and other health problems linked to deteriorating air quality. Environmental risks are also growing along the Caspian Sea coast. According to the report, pollution from hydrocarbon extraction combined with declining water levels is affecting biodiversity and undermining fisheries. At the same time, the government has taken steps to address environmental challenges through national climate programs and reforestation initiatives. Turkmenistan is also participating in international projects, including a regional effort launched earlier this year to combat marine litter in the Caspian Sea with support from the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Environment Programme. The upcoming summit in Astana is expected to bring together around 1,500 participants, including government officials and representatives of international organizations, to discuss coordinated responses to environmental threats. Organizers say the meeting could result in a regional action program for 2026-2030 and a joint declaration by Central Asian leaders.

Air Pollution

Report Reveals Persistently High Air Pollution Levels in Bishkek and Osh

Air pollution remains one of Kyrgyzstan’s most serious environmental challenges, particularly in the cities of Bishkek and Osh, where coal-based heating and motor vehicle emissions are identified as the main sources of pollution, according to a report by the environmental organisation MoveGreen. The study, covering the period from December 2024 to November 2025, found that Bishkek experienced between 118 and 120 days during which concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeded permissible limits. Average annual levels were estimated at between 44 and 47 micrograms per cubic meter, significantly above the World Health Organization’s recommended guideline of 5 micrograms per cubic meter. Air quality in the capital shows strong seasonal variation. Pollution levels rise sharply during winter due to increased coal consumption for heating and the accumulation of emissions linked to the city’s geographical setting. As a result, Bishkek has frequently ranked among the world’s most polluted urban areas in international air quality monitoring indices. In Osh, pollution patterns were described as more stable but still concerning. Elevated PM2.5 levels were recorded for 159 days during the study period, nearly half the year. The city’s average annual concentration reached 74 micrograms per cubic meter, far exceeding international health recommendations. The report’s authors also noted that concentrations of other pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde, tend to increase during warmer months. Among the key recommendations outlined in the study are a gradual transition to cleaner heating sources, expansion and modernisation of public transport systems, measures to reduce dust pollution in urban areas, and improvements in air quality monitoring infrastructure.

Agriculture

Kyrgyzstan Plans $10 Million Animal Vaccine Plant to Strengthen Livestock Sector

Kyrgyzstan is planning to build a modern animal vaccine production facility as part of broader efforts to improve disease prevention and support the development of its livestock sector. The project was discussed on March 17 during a meeting between Minister of Water Resources, Agriculture, and Processing Industry Erlist Akunbekov and representatives of Altyn Tamyr Joint-Stock Company. Altyn Tamyr is currently the country’s only producer of veterinary biopreparations, supplying the domestic market and exporting products to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Azerbaijan. Akunbekov described the planned facility as a strategic initiative and instructed officials to ensure that construction and commissioning proceed as quickly as possible. Preliminary estimates put the cost of the project at approximately $10 million. The government is expected to support the initiative through preferential financing and by creating favorable conditions for investors. Officials say the plant will help strengthen veterinary safety standards and improve productivity in the livestock sector. Once operational, it is also expected to enable Kyrgyzstan not only to meet domestic demand for veterinary vaccines but also to expand exports. The project comes amid continued growth in the country’s livestock population. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, as of the end of 2024 Kyrgyzstan had 1,828,527 head of cattle, an increase of 1.5% compared with the previous year, including 918,638 cows, up 1.8%. The number of sheep and goats reached 6,282,810, a year-on-year increase of 1.1%, while the horse population grew by 2% to 553,531 head. Poultry numbers rose more sharply, increasing by 10.5% to 7,724,314. To obtain more precise data, Kyrgyzstan plans to conduct a nationwide agricultural census from March 20 to April 10, 2026. Experts note that strengthening veterinary infrastructure will be crucial for sustaining growth in the livestock sector and expanding the country’s agricultural exports.

Natural World

Kazakhstan Plans First Legal Saiga Horn Exports

In 2026, Kazakhstan plans to begin officially exporting the horns of saiga antelopes for the first time in its history. The initial shipment is expected to total 20 tons, potentially generating tens of millions of dollars on Asian markets. The decision appears both logical and controversial. On one hand, the state has an opportunity to recover part of the funds spent on protecting the species. On the other, legalising trade could stimulate demand and once again make the saiga antelope a target for poachers. From the Brink of Extinction to a “Problem Species” In the early 2000s, the situation was critical. By 2003, only about 21,000 saigas remained in Kazakhstan. The animals were widely poached for their horns, which were sold on Asian markets. The government responded with strict measures, including a hunting ban, enhanced protection, and the establishment of specialised agencies such as Okhotzooprom, responsible for safeguarding rare and endangered wildlife. Even after 2015, when more than 200,000 animals died from pasteurellosis, conservation programs continued. The results were striking. By 2025, the saiga population had surpassed 2 million. However, this conservation success has created new challenges. Large herds have increasingly damaged agricultural land, trampling pastures and destroying crops. Farmers in affected regions have called for urgent intervention and compensation. Stockpiles and Potential Revenue In response, authorities introduced population control measures, including limited culling. At the same time, antlers accumulated in storage facilities both from legally culled animals and those seized from poachers. Today, around 20 tons of saiga horns are reportedly stored in warehouses. Maintaining these stockpiles entails budgetary costs. With black market prices reaching up to $3,000 per kilogram, the theoretical value of the reserves could approach $60 million. In practice, officials expect lower but still substantial revenue. The main buyers are expected to be in Asia, particularly China, where saiga horns are used in traditional medicine. To enter international markets, Kazakhstan must comply with the strict requirements of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This includes demonstrating that trade does not threaten the species’ survival, and ensuring full traceability of the product’s origin. Without such verification, exports will not be permitted. Why Horns Are Being Exported At first glance, domestic processing of saiga horns into pharmaceutical products might appear more profitable. In reality, this option faces significant obstacles. Scientific evidence does not show that there are any medicinal properties in saiga horns, which consist primarily of keratin, similar to human hair and nails. In addition, the traditional medicine market is highly conservative, with consumers placing greater trust in established local brands. Buyers also tend to prefer whole horns, as powdered products are easier to counterfeit. Furthermore, the saiga population remains vulnerable to disease outbreaks, which could undermine long-term investment in processing facilities. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations further limit investor interest in industries linked to wildlife exploitation. Risks of Legalisation The main concern is that legalising trade could unintentionally strengthen illegal markets. Once a product becomes legal, it...