Kyrgyzstan Local Politics - The Times Of Central Asia

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Kyrgyz-Tajik Villages to Be Relocated as Part of Border Resolution

Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov recently spoke with the Kabar news agency about progress in resolving the Kyrgyz-Tajik border dispute. He also addressed plans for the relocation of villages and homes situated in the checkerboard-like border areas. Progress Toward Resolution Japarov provided an update on the status of negotiations, commenting: “The border issue is almost resolved. Right now, both sides are working on documenting the agreement. After this, the intergovernmental commissions will sign the documents, followed by the foreign ministers. Then, the parliaments of both countries will ratify the agreement. Finally, the presidents of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan will sign it, and the process will conclude with an exchange of notes.” Japarov noted, however, that the process would take time to finalize. “It will take another 1-2 years to carry out demarcation work before the issue is fully settled. The most important thing is that we have reached a bilateral agreement,” he said. Addressing Checkerboard Villages When asked about the fairness of the border resolution, Japarov highlighted the balanced nature of the agreement: “In border disputes, it’s impossible to consider only one side’s interests. Decisions are made by considering the needs of both countries. For instance, some disputed sections of the border were split equally. In cases where houses were mixed, like in checkerboard villages, we resolved these issues too.” To address these mixed-border settlements, Japarov explained that families whose homes fall on the other side of the border will be relocated. Tajik families residing on Kyrgyz land will be moved by Tajikistan, and Kyrgyz families on Tajik land will be relocated by Kyrgyzstan. “We will build new homes for them elsewhere, considering the size of their land,” Japarov assured. Peaceful Resolution a Priority Japarov emphasized the importance of resolving the dispute through peaceful and cooperative means. He underscored that resolving border issues would improve border management, avoid future tensions, and build trust between the two nations. Once the demarcation process began, Japarov promised full transparency and regular updates for the public. Historical Context Tensions along the Kyrgyz-Tajik border have been ongoing for decades, with significant disputes intensifying in the late 2000s and early 2010s. In these areas, infrastructure complications have exacerbated the problem. Both countries began constructing alternate roads to avoid crossing into each other’s territory, but rugged terrain and limited financial resources have slowed progress. One of the most challenging areas is the road connecting Batken to the Kyrgyz village of Ak-Sai and the Tajik enclave of Vorukh. This road weaves through Kyrgyz and Tajik territory several times, and in some sections, the road itself serves as the border.

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New Labor Code Comes Into Force in Kyrgyzstan

A new Labor Code has been implemented in Kyrgyzstan, introducing significant changes to labor relations in the country. The updated code includes provisions for remote work, digital labor records, and streamlined labor contracts. Additionally, relations between employees and employers will now be regulated by a separate law, “On Social Partnership.” President Sadyr Japarov signed the new Labor Code into law following its approval by Kyrgyzstan’s parliament. The reforms aim to modernize the nation’s labor practices by accelerating the digitalization of processes. Under the new code, paper labor contracts are no longer mandatory. Instead, electronic contracts will suffice for official use and inspection purposes. One of the notable provisions in the code allows for remote and hybrid work arrangements. “The labor contract, by agreement of the parties, may establish both remote work and combined remote work,” states the law, marking a shift toward more flexible employment practices. The reforms also address labor books, which traditionally served as a lifelong record of an individual’s work history. Citizens now have the option to use digital labor books, though paper versions remain valid. However, the exact platform or system for storing the digital data has yet to be determined. Another change eliminates the longstanding practice of shifting days off to accommodate public holidays. Previously, the Ministry of Labor, Social Security, and Migration could declare surrounding weekdays as non-working days. Under the new code, this practice has been discontinued, reducing the total number of non-working holidays. The Labor Code introduces several worker protections. Employers are now required to provide lump-sum benefits in the event of labor-related injuries or the death of an employee. A single penalty rate of 0.25% has been established for late payments of wages, vacation pay, severance pay, and other compensation. Employees will also have a three-year limitation period to file wage-related disputes. Additionally, the code prohibits the employment of pregnant women and nursing mothers in hazardous or physically demanding jobs, further strengthening workplace protections for vulnerable groups. These reforms are expected to streamline labor relations, improve worker protections, and align Kyrgyzstan’s labor policies with modern international standards.

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Gender Inequality in Marriage: The Role of the Kelin in Kyrgyzstan

Gender inequality in marriage remains a significant issue in Kyrgyzstan, particularly with regard to the role of the kelin - the daughter-in-law - who is traditionally expected to shoulder numerous household responsibilities. In this patriarchal society, women often face pressure from their husbands' families, limited career opportunities, and an unequal division of domestic labor. According to recent data, 12.9% of women in Kyrgyzstan marry before the age of 18. This figure nearly doubles in rural areas compared to urban ones, reflecting stark regional disparities. Many families continue to uphold traditional expectations for women, especially the kelin, who is considered responsible for caring for her husband, his parents, the children, and the household. The Kelin: Between Tradition and Change Kyrgyz women have varying attitudes toward their role in the family. While some accept these expectations as part of their cultural heritage, others see them as a problem requiring change. Personal Stories Aizhan, 24, Osh (name changed): "After marriage, I was expected to leave my job and devote myself fully to the household. Although my husband supports my career aspirations, there is pressure from both his parents and mine. In the early years of our marriage, I had to prove that I was a good wife - cooking, cleaning, and pleasing my mother-in-law - even though I had the opportunity to build a career. My parents also insisted that I focus on household duties to avoid being ridiculed by others. This frustrates me, but my husband stands by me." Nuria, 25, Naryn (name changed): "In our social circle, it is rare for young couples to strive for equality in marriage. Traditional expectations remain strong, and sometimes compromises are necessary to maintain peace in the family. Early in my marriage, I didn’t feel much pressure, but after the birth of my child, I was often reminded that my primary role was now to be a mother and the keeper of the hearth." Ainura, 23, Bishkek (name changed): "In the capital, it's easier to be independent. More people here support the idea of equal rights. However, even in Bishkek, many girls face the expectation of becoming perfect kelins. This pressure usually comes from parents who cling to traditional values." Societal Expectations Beyond Marriage For many young women, gendered expectations begin long before they marry. From an early age, girls are taught to prioritize marriage and family above personal ambitions. Saule, 22, Bishkek: "I’m 20 and don’t want to get married yet, but my relatives constantly hint that ‘the clock is ticking’ and that I should start looking for a groom. They don’t understand that I have other plans. Sometimes they introduce me to potential suitors, which is awkward and frustrating." In some families, restrictions are imposed on daughters to preserve their "marriage prospects." Kamilla, 23, Bishkek: "I was often told to be modest, avoid friendships with boys, and dress conservatively because ‘I had to get married.’ Many girls like me missed out on a full teenage experience. However, I’ve noticed that the younger generation...

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Kyrgyzstan Tightens Regulations on Religious Activities

Kyrgyzstan’s President Sadyr Japarov has signed into law a series of amendments regulating the religious sphere. The amendments, approved by the Kyrgyz parliament on December 26, 2024, aim to ensure the rights of citizens while establishing clear responsibilities for religious associations in accordance with the Law "On Freedom of Religion and Religious Associations." Key Provisions of the Amendments The new legislation introduces several notable restrictions and guidelines: Prohibition of Face-Covering Clothing: Clothing that obscures a person’s identity, such as the niqab, is now banned in government offices and public places. Exceptions include clothing required for work or for medical purposes. Prohibition of Coercion in Religious Conversion: The amendments ban any form of coercion aimed at converting individuals to a particular religion. This includes targeting followers of other faiths, religiously neutral individuals, or atheists. Restrictions on Religious Ceremonies: Religious ceremonies, meetings, and other religious events are now prohibited in nursing homes, homes for the disabled, correctional institutions, pre-trial detention centers, and military units. Invitations to religious figures or preachers from foreign religious organizations for such events are also prohibited. Limitations on Religious Organizations: Religious organizations are prohibited from interfering in the activities of state authorities or local governments. Dissemination of religious literature, audio, and video materials in public places, educational institutions, or through door-to-door efforts is banned. Restrictions on Political and Electoral Activities: Political parties cannot be established on a religious basis, nor can they be financed by foreign entities. Civil servants are barred from engaging in religious activities, and religious materials cannot be used in electoral campaigns. Prohibition on Religious Terms in Business Names: The Kyrgyz Cabinet of Ministers approved list of religious words and terms that cannot be used in the names of businesses or legal entities. Prohibited terms include references from various religions, such as “Jesus Christ,” “The Bible,” “Jihad,” “Krishna,” “Kosher,” “Hajj,” and “Caliphate,” among others. Expanding Oversight of Religious Activities The new laws reflect the Kyrgyz government’s growing efforts to exert control over the religious sphere in the predominantly Muslim nation. Kyrgyzstan leads Central Asia in terms of the number of mosques per believer, with 3,593 mosques across the country as of 2024. Of these, 46 are registered in Bishkek and 89 in Osh. The country also has 220 religious educational institutions, most of which are located in the southern Osh region. The restrictions on religious literature, events, and political activity come amid broader efforts to regulate religious influence on public and political life. Implications for Religious Organizations The prohibition on using religious terminology in business names has drawn particular attention, as the banned terms include key concepts from Islam, Christianity, and other major religions. This move could limit the visibility of religious organizations and restrict their operations in the public sphere. Additionally, the ban on foreign preachers in sensitive locations, such as prisons and military units, underscores the government’s intent to limit external religious influence and maintain tighter control over religious practices within the country. Kyrgyzstan’s amended laws mark a significant tightening of state regulation...

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Kyrgyzstan to Ban Frog Imports to Combat Drug Trafficking

On January 23, Kyrgyzstan’s parliament discussed amendments to the law on combating the illicit trafficking of narcotics and psychotropic substances. Among the proposed changes is a ban on the import of frogs and toads, which can contain psychoactive substances. Psychoactive Risks of Amphibians During the parliamentary session, MP Iskhak Masaliyev questioned the use of the term “living organisms” in the text of the bill and asked for clarification. Deputy Health Minister Kaarmanbek Baidavletov explained that certain species of toads, whose skin and venom have narcotic effects, are prevalent in some countries. The amendment aims to prevent the import of such amphibians into Kyrgyzstan. Nurbek Abdiyev, Deputy Head of the Interior Ministry, elaborated that the term “living organisms” encompasses both plants and animals, including dried toads that are used as sources of banned substances. Unusual Laws and Global Context The bill’s sponsor, Meder Aliyev, referenced examples of foreign legislation to highlight the necessity of such laws, even if they may seem unusual. “For instance, in one U.S. state, teenagers are forbidden to kiss frogs because some frogs secrete psychoactive substances,” Aliyev said. While MP Iskhak Masaliyev supported the bill, he criticized its wording. “It turns out that now our young people are forbidden to kiss frogs! I’m not against this initiative, but it should have been analyzed in more detail when drafting. A frog is not just a living organism - it is an animal, an amphibian,” he said. The Danger of 5-MeO-DMT Some amphibians, such as the Bufo alvarius toad, secrete the psychoactive substance 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine). This powerful alkaloid, belonging to the class of tryptamines, can cause intense hallucinations, euphoria, and a sensation of warmth when its vapors are inhaled. The compound is known for its use in shamanic rituals in South America and poses risks of misuse in other contexts. Legislative Context The proposed amendment aims to address concerns about the potential for these amphibians, or their derivatives, to be trafficked for illegal drug use. By banning their import, Kyrgyzstan seeks to prevent the introduction of new psychoactive substances into the country, reinforcing its broader fight against drug trafficking. The debate over the bill underscores Kyrgyzstan's ongoing efforts to strengthen its drug policies while also illustrating the challenges of crafting precise legislative language. While some aspects of the law may seem peculiar, the government views it as a necessary step to curb the risks posed by psychoactive substances derived from amphibians.

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Bishkek Authorities Plan to Relocate Railroad and Build Expressway

Bishkek City Hall has unveiled plans to relocate the railroad from the city center to the outskirts, replacing it with an expressway and residential developments with integrated shopping centers. While the initiative aims to modernize the capital's infrastructure, it has drawn criticism from experts in transportation and urban planning. Plans for Relocation Bishkek Mayor Aibek Junushaliev outlined the project during a parliamentary session, revealing that the new railroad route would be constructed near the northern bypass road. The Chinese company China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) has expressed readiness to finance the project, which is estimated to cost $550 million. In exchange, CRBC is seeking ownership of the land vacated by the current railroad. Alternatively, the city is also exploring the possibility of self-financing the project. “We've conducted the necessary studies. Relocating the railroad to the south of Bishkek would harm the environment, so we decided to move it to the north, outside the city,” Junushaliev explained. He added that the project would include the creation of a new transportation hub with a railroad and a modern railway station. CRBC recently presented several potential routes for the relocated railroad during a working meeting with city officials. Criticism from Experts Despite the ambitious nature of the proposal, the plan has been met with skepticism from some in Kyrgyzstan. Specialists in transport infrastructure argue that Bishkek’s traffic congestion issues would be better addressed by improving traffic regulation and constructing multi-level interchanges, rather than embarking on an expensive relocation project. Talant Sadakbayev, head of the Independent Engineering Association, emphasized the need for detailed planning and feasibility studies before proceeding. “Relocating the railroad will involve more than just moving the tracks—it will require rebuilding the entire railroad infrastructure, including stations, sidings, signal systems, and freight loading and unloading facilities. This is a complex and costly endeavor,” Sadakbayev told The Times of Central Asia. He added that Kyrgyzstan already has affordable access to reinforced concrete due to production quarries near Bishkek, suggesting that constructing an expressway over the existing railroad could be a more cost-effective solution. Challenges and Alternative Solutions Sadakbayev questioned whether the proposed expressway would deliver the anticipated benefits, stressing the importance of data-driven planning. “Authorities need to analyze cellular data to determine where people live and work, as well as how cargo and passenger traffic is organized. In some areas, solutions might involve widening streets, improving traffic signals, or simply changing road markings,” he said. Sadakbayev also noted that Bishkek’s road network problems are not being addressed comprehensively, leading to persistent traffic congestion. He criticized the lack of specialized expertise within city authorities, pointing to this as a barrier to effective urban planning. Future Developments In addition to the railroad relocation project, the mayor’s office is planning to build new traffic interchanges to alleviate congestion. CRBC is also expected to participate in these developments. According to Mayor Junushaliev, construction on three overpasses in different parts of Bishkek will commence in the near future. While the relocation of the railroad and the construction...