Heavy smog and sustained NMU-II adverse meteorological conditions reported by Kazhydromet continue to affect the city of Öskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk) in eastern Kazakhstan, after authorities moved all students in grades 0–11 to remote learning on February 2. The decision followed several days of windless weather and a temperature inversion that trapped pollutants close to the ground.

According to Kazhydromet forecasts, unfavorable meteorological conditions are likely to remain in place, limiting dispersion. Air quality monitoring platforms show persistent spikes in fine particulate matter, raising renewed health concerns among residents.

Data from IQAir indicates that PM2.5 concentrations in Öskemen have at times reached levels classified as “hazardous,” significantly exceeding World Health Organization guidelines. Live readings continue to fluctuate depending on wind and temperature shifts, but pollution levels remain elevated compared to recommended norms.

Local authorities say the health of students remains the priority. The regional Department of Education confirmed that distance learning was introduced as a precautionary measure during the NMU-II period. Environmental specialists have advised residents to reduce outdoor activity, particularly children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions.

What’s Behind the Smog?

Specialists attribute the pollution to a combination of meteorological and structural factors.

A temperature inversion has created what meteorologists describe as a “thermal cap,” with warmer air overlaying colder surface air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. The absence of sustained wind has compounded the buildup.

Öskemen is also one of Kazakhstan’s most industrialized cities, home to major metallurgical enterprises, a coal-fired thermal power plant, and titanium-magnesium production facilities. Vehicle emissions and winter heating from coal and firewood in private homes add to the concentration of fine particulate matter.

The city’s geography further complicates the situation. Surrounded by mountainous terrain, Öskemen experiences restricted air circulation during stagnant winter conditions, allowing pollution to accumulate.

Monitoring and Mitigation

The East Kazakhstan Department of Ecology reported that an interagency task force, including Kazhydromet meteorologists and sanitary inspectors, conducted mobile laboratory monitoring during the peak of the episode. Authorities said industrial facilities reduced output under NMU protocols and that transport and municipal services were instructed to limit emissions.

Officials stated that monitored pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, chlorides, and suspended particles, were measured daily. While authorities described overall average indicators as remaining within permissible limits, independent monitoring services recorded significantly higher short-term PM2.5 spikes.

Public Reaction

Residents have expressed frustration online, posting photos and videos showing the city enveloped in haze. In comments responding to official statements, users described sore throats, headaches, and difficulty breathing.

One resident wrote: “It’s impossible to breathe in the city. This isn’t exaggeration, it’s reality. You, your children, your loved ones are breathing this air.”

Others questioned the official assessment, asking why schools were closed if pollution posed no threat to public health.

What Comes Next?

Kazhydromet forecasts suggest that wind and snowfall could help disperse accumulated pollutants in the coming days. However, recurring winter smog episodes have reignited debate over industrial emissions, household coal use, and long-term urban air quality policy.

In early February, regional Maslikhat deputy Bashimov Sovetovich filed a parliamentary inquiry urging stronger measures to address what he called the “systematic pollution” of Öskemen’s air.

Residents and environmental advocates are calling for tighter emissions controls, expansion of gas infrastructure to reduce coal heating, and greater transparency in monitoring data.

For now, pollution levels remain volatile, and the episode has once again highlighted the structural challenges facing one of Kazakhstan’s most industrialized cities.