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Underground Smuggling Tunnel Uncovered on Uzbek-Kazakh Border

Under the coordination of Kazakhstan’s Turkestan Region Prosecutor’s Office and in cooperation with Uzbek law enforcement, authorities dismantled a criminal group and shut down a tunnel used for smuggling petroleum products. One tunnel, stretching 450 meters between the two countries, was used to smuggle 5–7 tons of fuel and lubricants daily. The smuggling operation had been active for two months before being brought to an end. Investigations revealed that a well-organized transnational criminal group was behind the tunnel, using it to facilitate the illicit transfer of goods and funds between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Meanwhile, Uzbekistan’s State Security Service (DXX) uncovered another illegal underground tunnel on the Tashkent-Kazakhstan border. Working in coordination with the Tashkent-Aero customs complex, border troops, and military personnel, the DXX exposed a cross-border smuggling operation involving large quantities of substandard drugs imported from India into Uzbekistan via Kazakhstan. In a related case, a similar underground passage was discovered in April in Kyrgyzstan’s Jalal-Abad region. This tunnel was being used to smuggle people and contraband goods into Uzbekistan.

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Kazakhstan Considers Body Cameras for Ambulance Workers Amid Rising Violence

Kazakhstan’s Health Minister, Akmaral Alnazarova, has announced that her ministry is exploring the possibility of equipping ambulance doctors and paramedics with body-mounted video cameras to address the increasing aggression against medical workers. Over the past four years, more than 150 incidents of attacks on ambulance personnel have been reported in the country. “We are considering equipping our employees with video tags, similar to the devices used by law enforcement agencies. This issue will be regulated normatively, and I believe it is not so difficult to implement,” Alnazarova told reporters during a parliamentary session. Kazakhstani patrol officers have used body-mounted video recorders since 2017 to ensure accountability in law enforcement and to prevent corruption. For ambulance workers, the cameras aim to protect employees and document incidents of violence. According to the Ministry of Health, 158 medical workers were injured while performing their duties between 2019 and 2023. The urgency of this measure was highlighted by a recent incident in the town of Kostanay, where a paramedic was assaulted by relatives of a deceased patient. The assailants, against whom a criminal case has been opened, allegedly obstructed resuscitation efforts. The paramedic suffered a concussion and required hospitalization. Alnazarova previously stated on her Instagram page that her ministry, with the support of lawmakers, has initiated measures to introduce criminal liability for acts of violence against medical workers. “Such crimes must be met with fair punishment, including restrictions on freedom and condemnation by society. We must send a clear message: violence against medical workers is unacceptable and will not go unpunished.”

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Uzbekistan Moves to Penalize Financing of Mass Disturbances

Uzbekistan’s Parliament, the Oliy Majlis, is taking decisive steps to address the organization and financing of public disturbances. On December 11, the Legislative Chamber approved a draft law amending Article 244 of the Criminal Code. Passed in its first reading, the amendments aim to strengthen the country’s legal framework for tackling mass disturbances. During a parliamentary session on December 24, the draft law advanced further, reaching its third reading and gaining adoption. The updated Article 244 introduces several significant changes: A new third section establishes specific liability for individuals undergoing training with the intent to participate in mass disturbances. A fourth section introduces fines for financing such activities. A fifth section provides an exemption from criminal liability for individuals who voluntarily report to law enforcement after undergoing such training. These amendments are designed to deter organized disturbances while promoting cooperation with authorities.

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Kazakhstan Leads Central Asia in Anti-Money Laundering Efforts

The Basel Anti-Money Laundering Index (AML) has been released. It offers a comprehensive assessment of global efforts to combat money laundering. The index evaluates the risk of money laundering and financial crime across countries and regions, using 17 indicators across five domains to identify key factors that can heighten vulnerability. The indicators are updated annually and reviewed by an independent panel of experts to ensure relevance, methodology integrity, and access to current data. The Index does not measure the actual volume of money laundering activity. Instead, it focuses on the risk factors, scoring countries on a scale from 0 to 10 where 10 represents the highest risk and 0 the lowest. The Times of Central Asia examined this year’s ratings, focusing on the performance of Central Asian nations: Kazakhstan achieved a notable ranking of 111th out of 164 countries, with a score of 4.65. Uzbekistan followed, ranking 81st with a score of 5.27, while Kyrgyzstan placed 45th with 5.95 points. Tajikistan ranked 30th, scoring 6.45, and Turkmenistan recorded the region’s worst result, ranking 23rd with 6.71 points. Globally, the best results were observed in San Marino (2.96), Iceland (3.00), and Finland (3.07).

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Deportations of Central Asians from the U.S. Increased in 2024

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has released its Fiscal Year 2024 Annual Report, detailing the agency’s accomplishments over the past year. The report highlights how ICE’s directorates and program offices met their mission objectives. Established in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, ICE is tasked with protecting the American public, ensuring public safety, and promoting national security. According to the report, ICE’s Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) deported 271,484 non-citizens with final orders of removal to 192 countries. This total includes 88,763 individuals charged with or convicted of criminal offenses, 3,706 known or suspected gang members, 237 known or suspected terrorists, and eight human rights violators. More than 30% of those deported had criminal histories, with an average of 5.63 convictions or charges per individual. ERO also assisted in identifying and arresting individuals wanted in their home countries for serious crimes, including terrorism and torture. The Times of Central Asia examined the report with a focus on Central Asian countries. In 2024, the US deported 572 Uzbek nationals - a dramatic increase compared to 88 in 2013, 21 in 2021, and 55 in 2022. Deportations of Tajik citizens also surged, reaching 77 in 2024 compared to only four annually in 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2023. Kazakhstan saw the deportation of 23 of its citizens this year, up from 14 in 2023. Deportations to Kyrgyzstan also spiked, with 69 individuals removed in 2024. By comparison, only three Kyrgyz citizens were deported in 2020, eight in 2021, one in 2022, and 14 in 2023. Meanwhile, deportations of Turkmen nationals remained low, but still showed an upward trend. In 2024, five Turkmen citizens were deported, compared to four in 2019, one in 2022, and three in 2023.

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German Firms Urged to Address Human Rights Risks in Uzbek Cotton

German companies, supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and the German textile sector, are increasingly exploring Uzbekistan as a potential market. A report titled Relevant Human Rights Expertise: Risk Assessment for German Companies in the Textile Industry of Uzbekistan evaluates how these firms comply with supply chain laws and fulfill their human rights obligations. The report underscores ongoing challenges in Uzbekistan’s cotton industry, despite recent reforms. Key issues include risks of forced labor, government interference in cotton production, and poor working conditions. Farmers face coercive contracts, insecure land tenure, and restricted union rights. These problems persist even after Uzbekistan privatized its cotton industry and adopted the ‘cluster’ model, which integrates farming, processing, and manufacturing. Umida Niyazova, founder of the Uzbekistan Human Rights Forum, highlighted widespread violations, including illegal land seizures and forced production quotas. She emphasized the lack of protections for cotton workers. Additionally, the report warns that some Uzbek cotton may be entering German markets indirectly through suppliers in Turkey and other countries. The report stresses that effective human rights due diligence is essential for maintaining brand integrity. However, according to author Ben Vanpeperstraete, German companies are failing to adequately address risks associated with Uzbek cotton. Public communications by firms often lack tailored approaches to identifying and mitigating these risks. Forced labor risks in Uzbekistan’s cotton industry remain significant, the report states, despite ongoing reforms. Corporate disclosures frequently omit recognition of forced labor as a sourcing risk. The report calls on businesses to adopt due diligence practices that address Uzbekistan’s restrictions on unionizing and civil society activities. Companies are urged to map and disclose their supply chains to enhance compliance and traceability. Trade between Germany and Uzbekistan surpassed €1 billion in 2023, with German investments in Uzbekistan reaching €800 million by early 2024.