• KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
  • KGS/USD = 0.01144 0%
  • KZT/USD = 0.00192 -0%
  • TJS/USD = 0.10849 0.37%
  • UZS/USD = 0.00008 0%
  • TMT/USD = 0.28571 0.28%
11 December 2025

Hungary Eyes Turkmen Gas to Diversify Energy Imports

Hungary, one of Gazprom’s largest remaining clients within the European Union, is exploring the prospect of importing natural gas from Turkmenistan, The Moscow Times reported.

During a recent visit to Ashgabat, Hungary’s Deputy State Secretary for Eastern Relations Development, Ádám Stifter, described Turkmenistan as a promising partner in the energy sector. “Hungary depends on gas imports from different countries, and we view Turkmenistan with great hope. We expect Turkmenistan to become a supplier of gas to Europe, and particularly to Hungary, in the near future,” Stifter said, as quoted by Interfax.

The announcement aligns with Budapest’s broader efforts to diversify its energy supply. On Thursday, Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó confirmed that Hungary had signed its longest-ever liquefied natural gas (LNG) agreement, a 10-year deal with French company Engie. Starting in 2028, the contract will provide Hungary with 4 billion cubic meters of LNG, with deliveries continuing through 2038.

Earlier in September, Hungary also signed a contract with Shell to purchase 2 billion cubic meters of gas annually for ten years, beginning in 2026. That gas will be delivered via the Czech Republic and Germany.

Analysts view Hungary’s interest in Turkmen gas as a notable policy shift. Natalia Milchakova, a senior analyst at Freedom Finance Global, said the move signals a desire to reduce dependence on Russian energy. “Hungary and Slovakia have long relied on Russian oil and gas, but the change in tone from Budapest suggests a drive to diversify supply routes,” she noted.

However, the logistics remain complex. Milchakova pointed out that Turkmen gas would likely have to transit through Azerbaijan or Iran, routes complicated by infrastructure limitations and geopolitical challenges, or possibly via the TurkStream pipeline, which is operated in partnership with Gazprom.

Hungary currently imports about 4.5 billion cubic meters of Russian gas annually under a long-term contract valid until 2036. According to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) in Finland, Hungary spent approximately €500 million on energy imports from Russia in July 2025 alone, €285 million on gas and €200 million on oil.

Turkmenistan holds the world’s fourth-largest proven natural gas reserves. However, 80-90% of its gas exports are sent eastward to China via the Central Asia-China pipeline, highlighting the country’s long-standing reliance on a single buyer. Strengthening ties with Hungary could signal Ashgabat’s intent to diversify its export geography.

Central Banks Add 15 Tons of Gold in August, Led by Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan

Global central banks added a net 15 tons of gold to their reserves in August, according to the World Gold Council (WGC), citing data from the International Monetary Fund and national central banks. The figure matches the monthly average recorded between March and June, indicating a return to purchasing after a brief pause in July, when reserves remained unchanged due to Indonesia’s 11-ton sale.

The WGC observed that although record-high gold prices in 2025 may have tempered some central bank activity, demand remains resilient. “The recent slowdown in buying does not necessarily signal that central banks are losing interest in gold,” the report stated. A full third-quarter review of global gold demand will be published on October 30.

Countries expanding their gold holdings in August included Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, China, Bulgaria, Ghana, and the Czech Republic. The National Bank of Kazakhstan led the gains with an 8-ton increase, its sixth consecutive month of accumulation, raising its reserves to 316 tons. The Central Bank of Uzbekistan added 2 tons, lifting its total to 366 tons, although this remains 17 tons below its level at the end of 2024.

Turkey and China each purchased 2 tons, bringing Turkey’s total reserves to 639 tons and China’s to over 2,300 tons. Bulgaria’s 2-ton acquisition marked its largest monthly increase since 1997, bringing its holdings to 43 tons ahead of its planned eurozone accession in January 2026. The Czech National Bank also added 2 tons, continuing an uninterrupted buying streak for the 30th consecutive month and raising its reserves to 65 tons.

Only two countries, Russia and Indonesia, reduced their holdings in August. Russia sold 3 tons, reportedly for its coin-minting program, while Indonesia offloaded 2 tons.

Uzbekistan has remained one of the most active gold purchasers globally. In January 2025, it topped the WGC’s list by acquiring 8 tons, which brought its reserves to 391 tons, representing approximately 82% of its total international reserves.

Kazakhstan to Count Tourists Using Mobile Data

Kazakhstan’s Bureau of National Statistics will begin tracking tourist flows in the country’s resort areas using anonymized mobile data, the agency’s head Maksat Turlubaev announced at the Digital Bridge 2025 international forum.

Turlubaev noted that recent amendments to the country’s laws “On State Statistics” and “On Communications” now provide a legal foundation for using anonymized mobile data for statistical purposes, aligning with international best practices. Among the key applications will be the generation of real-time information on domestic and international tourist flows.

Currently, Kazakhstan’s tourism statistics are compiled through surveys of accommodation facilities and households, as well as data from the Border Service of the National Security Committee and the Ministry of Ecology. These traditional methods, however, face limitations, including incomplete coverage, high respondent burden, and delays in data collection.

Following the implementation of the new legislation, a pilot project was launched this summer in partnership with Estonian firm Positium and with support from the World Bank. The initiative analyzed a 5% anonymized sample of data from mobile operator Kcell, covering the period from July 2023 to June 2024, to assess domestic tourist flows. The results far surpassed those of traditional survey methods.

“Mobile data analysis showed that the number of domestic tourists reached 107.6 million, compared to 7.8 million in official statistics,” said Turlubaev. “In the Alakol resort area in southeastern Kazakhstan, mobile data recorded 658,200 visitors, 2.4 times higher than official figures. Mobile data allows us not only to count tourists, but to capture a comprehensive, objective picture of internal mobility and real travel patterns. It accounts for short-term and informal visitors not reflected in traditional methods, highlights seasonal trends, and shows the impact of holidays on tourism activity. This gives us a valuable tool for management, infrastructure planning, and evaluating the economic impact of tourism.”

The methodology Kazakhstan plans to adopt aligns with recommendations from the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It offers enhanced accuracy, near real-time analytics, reduced respondent burden, and the capacity to model tourist and migration flows using artificial intelligence.

“This marks a major step in building a modern, digital statistical agency,” Turlubaev added.

As previously reported by The Times of Central Asia, Kazakhstan recorded a 62% rise in tourists from five Arab countries in 2024, reflecting broader efforts to diversify and modernize its tourism sector.

EBRD Launches Online Mentoring Platform for Entrepreneurs in Tajikistan

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Tajikistan have a new avenue of support: the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has launched an online platform offering mentoring and professional consultations. The initiative is funded by the Government of Switzerland.

A Global Community for Tajik Entrepreneurs

The new platform, MicroMentor.tj, connects Tajik business owners with a global network of more than 420,000 entrepreneurs and 120,000 mentors across 180 countries. Available in six languages, including Russian, the service is free and accessible to entrepreneurs even in remote regions of Tajikistan.

The platform aims to expand opportunities for SMEs, foster innovation, support business development, and generate employment. Promotion of the platform within the country is supported by local partner Shedevr, headed by Muboriz Subkhonov.

Mentoring as a Growth Tool

The EBRD has long supported SMEs not only through financial instruments but also via non-financial services such as mentoring, sector-specific consultations, training, and educational events. According to the bank, 77% of entrepreneurs who engaged actively with mentors reported increased revenues.

The new platform builds on the Mentoring for Women Entrepreneurs program, which supported more than 100 participants from Dushanbe, Khatlon, Sughd, and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO), with guidance from 50 mentors from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Armenia.

Over a nine-month period, 108 mentor-mentee pairs were formed. Nearly all participants reported tangible outcomes:

  • 95% improved their business skills
  • 93% expanded their businesses
  • 90% created new jobs

EBRD Updates Strategy for Tajikistan

Coinciding with the platform’s launch, the EBRD approved a new country strategy for Tajikistan through 2030, prioritizing structural reforms, private sector development, and sustainable growth in energy, transport, and urban infrastructure.

“The new strategy reflects our commitment to supporting Tajikistan’s economic development through a comprehensive approach combining financial resources, policy dialogue, and technical assistance,” the EBRD press service stated.

The bank plans to support projects that enhance competitiveness and foster technological independence. To date, the EBRD has invested more than €1 billion in Tajikistan’s economy across 185 projects.

According to the latest Regional Economic Prospects report, the EBRD forecasts Tajikistan’s GDP growth at 7% in 2025 and 5.7% in 2026. Key drivers include infrastructure investments, private sector expansion, and advancements in digital technologies and energy.

The new strategy integrates investment, advisory support, and regulatory reform to create a more favorable business environment for Tajikistan’s growing economy.

Kazakhstan to Invest Up to $19 Billion in Oil Refining Development

Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Energy has unveiled an updated Concept for the Development of the Oil Refining Sector through 2040, aiming to raise the country’s refining capacity to 39 million tons per year. Achieving this goal will require investments ranging from $15 billion to $19 billion.

As previously reported by The Times of Central Asia, an earlier version of the Concept targeted a doubling of refining volumes from 18 million tons to 38 million tons by 2040. The updated version, presented during the Kazakhstan Energy Week 2025 forum in Astana by Talgat Makuov, Deputy Director of the Department of Oil Transportation and Refining, slightly increases that target.

“Expected investments in sector development, according to the Concept, range from $15 billion to $19 billion, enabling an increase in refining capacity from 18 to 39 million tons per year while significantly improving processing efficiency,” Makuov stated. He added that the document, aimed at enhancing Kazakhstan’s energy security, has been approved by the government and developed in coordination with state agencies and key players in the oil and gas sector.

Expansion of Refineries and Petrochemical Complexes

“The Concept envisions expanding existing refineries and constructing high-tech, integrated petrochemical complexes with flexible product lines driven by market demand. These facilities will become long-term, high-value assets, increasing the capitalization of managing companies and attracting investors. They will also serve as the foundation for petrochemical clusters,” Makuov said.

Kazakhstan’s oil and gas chemistry sector is currently advancing in two main directions. The first is oil-based chemistry, such as benzene and paraxylene production at the Atyrau Oil Refinery (ANPZ), with potential for synthesizing more complex organic compounds. The second is gas-based chemistry, which includes the KPI polypropylene project, and planned projects for polyethylene and butadiene production.

Efficiency, Environment, and Innovation

“A key performance target of the Concept is improving the ratio of oil production to refining from 5:1 to 2.5:1, aligning with OECD benchmarks, supported by the introduction of new refining and petrochemical facilities,” Makuov explained. “Environmental standards and emission reductions are a priority, consistent with Kazakhstan’s decarbonization goals and green development agenda. Additionally, efforts are underway to establish applied research capabilities, including the creation of a dedicated R&D institute for oil refining and petrochemistry.”

Makuov emphasized that implementation of the Concept will support the sustainable development of the sector by balancing economic, environmental, and social objectives. It is expected to ensure domestic supply of high-quality petroleum products, increase export potential, particularly to fast-growing Asian markets, create new jobs, and improve the country’s investment appeal.

Earlier this year, Kazakhstan also announced a $15 billion investment in the oil and gas chemical sector through six major projects, aiming to transition from raw material exports to higher-value industrial production.

 

Touching Fairy Tales: In Ust-Kamenogorsk, Books Are Knitted, Sewn, and Brought to Life

At the A.S. Pushkin Library in Ust-Kamenogorsk, East Kazakhstan region, reading has become a tactile adventure. Here, books aren’t just read, they’re knitted, sewn, and handcrafted. Librarians have discovered a magical way to ignite children’s interest in reading: through tactile books that can be touched, flipped through, and even assembled.

“The main thing is to find an approach to each child. Even if they haven’t been encouraged to read at home, we can change that in the library,” says Dinara Mergenbayeva, head of the Center for Knowledge.

The idea was born from a desire to make books more relatable. “Who says children don’t read? They do, and with great curiosity! They just need something new, lively, and emotional,” she explains.

Knitted Books and Soft Stories

The library’s first knitted book was a Kazakh-language version of the alphabet primer Әліппе, inspired by Kulmay Sembayeva’s Aripler aleminde (“In the World of Letters”). Each letter is paired with a poem and a small, crocheted animal or object, which children can pull from pockets and explore.

“For example, the letter A, next to it are an akhu (swan) and an ayu (bear). We knitted and cut out all the figures ourselves. The materials came from our homes. Even the cover was made from my old suede boots, they’ve found a second life now,” one librarian shares.

Another handcrafted creation is Pushkin’s The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish. In this interactive version, characters can be moved around, allowing children to change the course of the story. Kids act out scenes, invent new endings, and immerse themselves more deeply in the narrative.

@Yulia Chernyavskaya

There’s even a trilingual crocheted edition of Abai’s The Seasons, in Kazakh, Russian, and English. Its pages include trees, snowflakes, flowers, and ladybugs, all detachable and fastened with buttons. Children can “switch” winter to spring, collect leaves, or “scatter” snow, transforming play into reading.

“This helps develop fine motor skills, imagination, and a love of books. The key is to keep it interesting,” notes Mergenbayeva.

Books You Won’t Find Anywhere Else

Each tactile book is handmade, with production times ranging from three weeks to six months. The entire library staff is involved, from brainstorming to material selection and testing books with children. Special editions are created for older students, including a large-format album commemorating Abai’s 175th anniversary, with sections titled “Abai the Writer,” “Abai the Philosopher,” and “Abai the Musician.”

“If a child remembers even one illustration, that’s a success. A book should leave an impression, visual, emotional, any kind,” says a librarian.

Each edition includes a QR code linking to a digital version in the library’s electronic collection.

When Children Bring Their Parents

At Pushkin Library, reading is a family affair. Every Saturday features shared reading sessions, reinforcing the tradition of reading together.

“The youngest children come with their parents, and later they’re the ones dragging them back. Kids literally pull their moms and dads to the library,” Mergenbayeva smiles.

For teenagers, there’s the Literary HUB, a space for poetry readings, book discussions, and literary debates. Teens choose a book, read it during the week, and then gather to exchange views and even recommend books to adults.

“You should hear the topics they raise! Sometimes adults could really learn from them,” she says.

@Yulia Chernyavskaya

 

Mergenbayeva believes one reason children lose interest in reading is the lack of modern Kazakh stories that reflect their own lives.

“Children need to recognize something familiar. Our teens live and think differently now but books don’t reflect that. We’re losing touch with their reality,” she says.

One exception is Yeraly’s Fairy Tales, written by nine-year-old Yeraly Pazybekuly. His stories depict life in his native village of Praporshchikovo, its courtyards, neighbors, and animals. The tales are simple, vivid, and remarkably sincere.

The library actively supports young authors. Recently, they celebrated 15-year-old Asyl Sungatkzy, who creates comics based on historical themes.

Reading as a Way of Life

The library’s mission is to make reading a natural and joyful part of children’s lives. Projects include Sham tübindegi ertegi (“Fairy Tales Under the Lamp”), which revives the oral storytelling tradition, and Tales and Legends of East Kazakhstan, introducing children to the region’s diverse cultures.

A new initiative, Super Balakai! (“Super Kid!”), showcases the stories of talented local children. Contests such as “Reading Leader,” “Read and Win!” and “Dedicated to Children” attract wide participation.

“We want books to become part of a child’s life again, not as an obligation, but as a joy,” says Mergenbayeva.

Today, the Pushkin Library is far more than a place where books are stored. It is a creative hub where reading becomes art, and fairy tales come alive through the work of hands, hearts, and imagination.