Crimes against women and children have declined over the past year in Kazakhstan, a trend attributed to a sweeping new law on domestic violence. Despite these gains, authorities caution that women and children remain at significant risk from abuse.
持续的挑战
2024 年 6 月 16 日，哈萨克斯坦确保妇女权利和儿童安全法生效，并于两个月前由总统卡西姆-乔马尔特·托卡耶夫签署。自就任总统以来，托卡耶夫已将打击家庭暴力作为首要政策优先事项。
儿童监察员 Dinara Zakieva 报告每年记录大约 900 起侵犯未成年人性完整性的犯罪行为。 Since the law’s enactment, at least 25 individuals convicted of sexual violence against children have received life sentences.
Meanwhile, according to Marat Abishev of the General Prosecutor’s Office, at least 80 women die from domestic violence each year. Law enforcement officials stress that official statistics significantly underreport the true extent of domestic abuse.调查表明哈萨克斯坦三分之一的女性遭受过身体暴力，威胁或心理压力。
The new law has introduced tougher criminal penalties for domestic abuse, as well as protective and preventative mechanisms. 《刑法》修正案现在禁止对涉及暴力侵害未成年人的犯罪行为从轻处罚，并禁止此类案件中受害者与犯罪者之间的和解。 The sole punishment for the murder or rape of a minor is now life imprisonment.
该法律还规定了性行为的责任。 harassment of persons under 16 and introduces penalties for inciting or abetting suicide.
初步结果
State Secretary Yerlan Karin recently shared data showing early progress under the new legislation. 2025年前5个月，家庭暴力举报数量较2024年同期下降20.5%。严重家庭犯罪数量下降29%，特别严重犯罪数量下降44%。
Crimes against the sexual integrity of minors decreased by 21.3%, and pedophilia-related offenses dropped by 40.7%.
卡琳指出，过去五年来，针对妇女的犯罪行为减少了一半，这要归功于更严格的处罚和加强的预防工作。他还强调，由于新机制允许当局在没有受害者投诉的情况下开展调查，家庭暴力案件的侦破率有所上升。 2025 年 1 月至 5 月期间，通过流动巡逻队、警方报告、目击者证词和社交媒体监控，发现了超过 19,000 起此类案件。
To improve reporting mechanisms, QR codes for the national 111 contact center are now displayed in schools.这导致外展活动激增：2025 年前 5 个月，儿童发送了超过 86,000 条消息，其中 2,000 多人因暴力或欺凌行为寻求帮助。在 28 起案件中，潜在的自杀得到了预防。 Adults also placed over 62,000 calls to the center, many concerning domestic violence.
Kazakhstan currently operates 20 psychological support centers and family support services in 112 districts and cities.今年推出了一项新的预防举措，即对施暴者进行强制性心理咨询，法院命令 52 人参加。
法律逆转即将到来？
Despite these improvements, newly proposed legislation has sparked concern.内务部提出了一项名为《预防犯罪法》的法案草案，旨在将五项法律（包括 2009 年《预防家庭暴力法》）整合为一个法律框架。
包括穆斯林哈塞诺夫教授在内的批评者警告说，合并可能会削弱对受害者的法律保护。哈塞诺夫在马日利斯公共会议厅的一次会议上发表讲话时表示，该草案仅包含一篇关于家庭暴力的条款，将问题简化为一系列一般形式和预防措施。
哈塞诺夫说：“虽然这些措施理论上可能适用于家庭暴力，但实际上，此类犯罪的具体性质很可能被忽视。” He noted that most post-Soviet states maintain separate domestic violence laws that reflect the distinct dynamics of such offenses.
内务部副部长伊戈尔·莱佩哈对此做出回应，保证将保留关键改革，例如对袭击和轻微身体伤害的更严厉处罚。 The ministry states that the draft law is part of a broader reform of Kazakhstan’s law enforcement and legal system.
近年来，家庭暴力问题一直是公众密切关注的主题，特别是自从对前国民经济部长宽迪克·比希姆巴耶夫 (Kuandyk Bishimbayev) 2023 年 11 月谋杀他的普通法妻子 Saltanat Nukenova。Bishimbayev 被判处 24 年监禁。
