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Kazakhstan, Italy, and the Battle for Europe’s Energy Future

Italy Courts Central Asia: Trade, Transit, and Tech Take Center Stage

Features

Central Asia-Italy Summit

Italy Courts Central Asia: Trade, Transit, and Tech Take Center Stage

Bilateral Cooperation

Kazakhstan, Italy, and the Battle for Europe’s Energy Future

Art and Culture

Bridging Continents: Launching the VIMA Art Fair in Cyprus

Glaciers

Experts Warn Tajikistan’s Melting Glaciers Threaten Regional Food Security

Baikonur

Baikonur Fallout: Russia’s Cosmic Legacy Leaves Scars on Kazakhstan

Astana International Forum

Video: “Connecting Minds, Shaping the Future,” – Astana International Forum 2025

The Astana International Forum 2025 aims to address global challenges, foster international cooperation, and strengthen Kazakhstan's role as a bridge between regions and powers. The Times of Central Asia is in attendance, bringing you all the latest developments. [video width="1920" height="1080" mp4="https://timesca.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/IMG_5189-1.mp4"][/video] Follow our special coverage on the Astana International...

Astana International Forum

Can Kazakhstan Lead Small and Middle Powers in Reforming the UN?

Digital Development

At AIF, Tokayev Proposes “CryptoCity” as Pilot Zone for Digital Innovation

Sunkar Podcast

Astana International Forum 2025: Rethinking Global Dialogue

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Opinions

Business & Economy

Cryptocurrency

Kazakhstan Unveils Alatau: Investor-Led City with Crypto Ambitions

A major new urban development project is underway in Kazakhstan’s Almaty region, where a city named Alatau is being built with an emphasis on private investment and innovation. According to Zhaslan Madiyev, Minister of Digital Development, Innovation, and Aerospace Industry, the city is envisioned as a "magnet" for both domestic and international investors. Initially known as G4 City, the Alatau project was designed as a “smart city” comprising four interconnected districts: Gate District - A financial and business hub Golden District - A center for education and healthcare Growing District - An industrial and logistics zone Green District - An...

Trade

Kazakhstan to Launch First International Outlet Center

Eurobonds

Kyrgyzstan Raises $700 Million in Landmark Eurobond Debut on London Stock Exchange

Hydropower

Dubai Hosts Talks on Major Central Asian Hydropower Project

Construction Materials

Kyrgyz Authorities Seek to Classify Cement as Socially Significant

Family Budget

Kazakhstanis Spend Over Half Their Family Budget on Food

Over the past two decades, food expenditures have claimed an increasingly large share of Kazakh family budgets. According to analysts at Finprom.kz, food accounted for 55.4% of total consumer spending in 2024, nearly 10 percentage points higher than in 2004, when the figure stood at 45.7%. The rise has been gradual, with a peak of 58% during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, followed by a slight decline. The Growing Burden of Food Costs This trend signals concern about living standards. Under UN benchmarks using the Engel coefficient, households that spend over 50% of their income on food are considered to...

Transport Logistics

Central Asia’s Transport Logistics Shift Eastward

At a recent roundtable in Bishkek on economic ties with China, former Kyrgyz Prime Minister and former presidential economic advisor Akylbek Japarov called on Central Asian states to improve coordination on regional transport infrastructure. He noted that Kyrgyz transport companies increasingly view transit through the Chinese city of Kashgar as the most efficient route. Japarov argued that China, given its global stature, should engage with Central Asia as a unified and coordinated region rather than as a collection of separate states. “We are facing both an opportunity and a challenge,” he said. “We must think not in terms of competition...

Trans-Caspian Route

Kazakhstan Emphasizes Strategic Role of Trans-Caspian Route at Astana Forum

Kazakhstan is positioning the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), also known as the Middle Corridor, as a cornerstone of sustainable logistics across Eurasia. Speaking at a panel session on May 29 during the Astana International Forum, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alibek Kuantyrov outlined the country's ambitions to transform the route into a vital artery for regional connectivity. The session, co-organized with the Boao Forum for Asia, featured high-profile participants, including Boao Forum Chairman and former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Kuantyrov highlighted that Kazakhstan boasts over 3,500 kilometers of strategic railway infrastructure linking China to Caspian Sea ports. In the...

Digital Development

At AIF, Tokayev Proposes “CryptoCity” as Pilot Zone for Digital Innovation

Kazakhstan plans to establish a pilot zone named "CryptoCity" to facilitate the free circulation of cryptocurrencies, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced at the Astana International Forum (AIF). “We plan to create an innovative pilot zone called CryptoCity, where cryptocurrencies can be used to purchase goods, services, and for other purposes,” Tokayev stated. The president highlighted Kazakhstan's progress in digital transformation, positioning the country as a potential Eurasian IT hub. He also outlined ambitions for Kazakhstan to become an academic and innovation center through partnerships with foreign universities and increased research and development. “Kazakhstan is launching the most powerful supercomputer, which has...

Local Politics

Baikonur

Baikonur Fallout: Russia’s Cosmic Legacy Leaves Scars on Kazakhstan

“Every time there’s a rocket launch at Baikonur, you can’t see for days. The sand comes up off the ground, and doesn’t shift for a good while,” a waiter in Aralsk, a one-time fishing town on what was once the shore of the shriveled Aral Sea told The Times of Central Asia. Upon entering Baikonur, Russia’s gateway to outer space on the Kazakh steppe, the first thing you see is a billboard proudly displaying Vladimir Putin shaking hands with President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Beneath the façade, however, Russia’s presence here has spurred major economic inequalities and environmental degradation. Backwater to the...

International transport

Trade Along Irtysh River Creates New Opportunities and Regional Challenges for Kazakhstan

Migration

Kyrgyz Authorities Announce Crackdown on Illegal Migration

Illegal Online Content

Kazakhstan to Introduce Fines for Illegal Online Content

Victory Day

Victory Day in Central Asia: Honoring Sacrifice Amid Shifting Narratives

Kyrgyz-Kazakh Border

A Resolution to Kyrgyzstan’s Last Border Problem?

In April, Kyrgyzstan signed a border delimitation agreement with southern neighbor Tajikistan, ending a long-running and at times violent feud along the two countries’ frontier. Now Kyrgyzstan is taking steps to resolve its border disagreements with its northern neighbor Kazakhstan. The Joint Project Representatives from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan met in Bishkek on May 22 to discuss the impending construction of an industrial transport-logistics complex on their border. Kazakhstan is building similar complexes along its borders with other neighboring countries (China, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan). The idea for the Kazakh-Kyrgyz facility was approved in May 2024, and work is scheduled to...

Car Insurance

Kyrgyzstan to Enforce Mandatory Car Insurance in July 2025

Beginning July 1, 2025, all vehicle owners in Kyrgyzstan will be subject to fines if they fail to obtain mandatory car insurance. Individuals found without coverage will face a penalty of 3,000 Kyrgyz soms (approximately $35), while foreigners and legal entities will be fined 13,000 soms (around $150), according to the State Insurance Organization (SIO). The introduction of penalties is expected to promote greater discipline among drivers and boost overall insurance coverage nationwide. “Compulsory car insurance protects not only car owners but also other road users. It helps reduce social tensions, lowers the number of legal disputes, and eases the...

National Development Program

Kyrgyzstan Prepares National Development Program Through 2030

On May 19, Adylbek Kasymaliyev, Chairman of Kyrgyzstan’s Cabinet of Ministers, chaired a government meeting to review a draft of the country’s National Development Program until 2030, a strategic framework outlining Kyrgyzstan’s medium-term development priorities. The draft program encompasses broad initiatives across healthcare, education, social protection, public security, civil service, and environmental sustainability. Its overarching goal is to improve the quality of life for Kyrgyz citizens and ensure long-term national development. Kasymaliyev emphasized that the program aims to create “decent conditions for our citizens and improve their well-being.” The strategy is built around four key development vectors: industrialization, positioning Kyrgyzstan...

Irrigation Water

Kyrgyz Farmers to Pay Less for Irrigation Water Following Tariff Reform

Kyrgyzstan has revised its irrigation water tariffs for agricultural land following a comprehensive review by the Water Resources Service. The analysis revealed that farmers have been significantly overpaying for water due to intermediary pricing by the Water Users Association. According to Melis Raimkulov, Deputy Director of the Water Resources Service, farmers were paying as much as 2,000 KGS ($23) per hectare, four times the actual rate of 500 KGS ($5.50). “In fact, the tariff has not changed, but now we have formalized it and calculate it based on irrigation norms,” Raimkulov explained. “According to these norms, about 1,100 cubic meters...

International Affairs

Central Asia-Italy Summit

Italy Courts Central Asia: Trade, Transit, and Tech Take Center Stage

The inaugural Central Asia-Italy Summit, held on May 30, 2025, in Astana, marked a significant step in international diplomacy. It established a new framework for dialogue between the European Union and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. The participation of the leaders of all five Central Asian nations alongside Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni underscores the region’s growing strategic and economic relevance. Bilateral Meetings Ahead of the summit, extended talks took place between Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni. Tokayev emphasized the depth and stability of bilateral ties, describing Italy as a key strategic partner. Trade...

Bilateral Cooperation

Kazakhstan and Italy Forge a New Strategic Nexus

Security

Tokayev Backs Expansion of UN Security Council for Greater Global Representation

Astana International Forum

Kazakhstan’s Diplomatic Dance: Securing Power in Turbulent Times

Central Asia-Italy Summit

Energy, Industry, and Diplomacy: Kazakhstan-Italy Relations Reach New Heights

Bilateral Cooperation

Kazakhstan, Italy, and the Battle for Europe’s Energy Future

ASTANA - Central Asia is no longer on the periphery of global events, but a place where major countries come together with their ideas, money, and projects. In a turbulent and highly uncertain geopolitical environment, global powers are seeking to establish their presence in this strategic, energy-rich region. Italy is no exception. Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni was initially scheduled to visit Kazakhstan in late April, but in light of Pope Francis' passing her trip to Astana was canceled. Coincidently or not, she came to the Kazakh capital on May 30 to attend the Astana International Forum (AIF) – a...

Astana International Forum

Can Kazakhstan Lead Small and Middle Powers in Reforming the UN?

ASTANA – The United Nations, envisioned as a pillar of global cooperation, has often struggled to rise to the challenges it was created to address. Its inability to bridge cultural divides hampers meaningful solutions to regional issues, while structural weaknesses and the exclusion of diverse regional voices from the Security Council deepen its shortcomings. Compounding these flaws is the frequent deadlock among permanent members, whose competing agendas stifle consensus and action. These inefficiencies cast doubt on the organization's ability to hear and respond to regional voices, grievances, and expectations in a rapidly changing world. Amid these persistent challenges within the...

Russia

Tashkent-Moscow Flight Diverted to Kazan Following Drone Attack Near Russian Capital

A Tashkent-Moscow passenger flight was forced to make an emergency landing in the Russian city of Kazan early Tuesday morning after a drone attack near Moscow led to a temporary closure of all the capital's airports. The incident was reported by the Russian Telegram news channel Ostorozhno, Novosti. Aeroflot flight SU1871 departed Tashkent at approximately 3:00 a.m. (local time) on May 28. Unable to land in Moscow due to the shutdown of the capital's airspace, the plane was diverted to Kazan, arriving there at 4:55 a.m. Passengers told Ostorozhno, Novosti they remained confined inside the aircraft for hours with no...

Diplomacy

Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Hold Talks on Consular Cooperation and Citizen Rights

Officials from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan met in Dushanbe on May 27 to discuss consular cooperation and the protection of citizen rights, according to the Tajik Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The consultations brought together delegations from both countries’ foreign ministries. The Tajik delegation was led by Bahodur Safarzoda, Head of the Main Consular Department, while the Kyrgyz side was headed by Seitek Zhumakadyr uulu, Director of the Consular Service Department. Discussions focused on improving bilateral cooperation, including measures to protect the rights of citizens living or traveling in each other’s countries, streamlining border-crossing procedures, and enhancing the efficiency of consular services....

Life & Culture

Art and Culture

Bridging Continents: Launching the VIMA Art Fair in Cyprus

In the art world, fairs often have a meteoric rise and fall in an oversaturated market of competing events. But every so often, one lands with a quiet, deliberate weight, embedding itself in the soil of its context and revitalizing it. VIMA Art Fair in Limassol, Cyprus, is one such project. Unfolding in a transformed wine warehouse near the sea, VIMA resisted the sterile polish of typical fair venues. Here, the Mediterranean wind mingled with the hum of languages, from Russian to Arabic, Greek, and Turkish, to English. The fair was founded by three Russians who have established themselves in...

Tourism

First Tourist Train Links China’s Xi’an and Kazakhstan’s Almaty

Chess Championship

Two More Grandmasters for Kazakhstan, an Emerging Chess Power

Mountaineering

Rysgul Akimjanova Becomes Second Female Kyrgyz Mountaineer To Climb Everest

Tourism Development

Kazakhstan Launches Central Asia’s Largest All-Season Tourism Project Near Almaty

Healthcare

Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan Strengthen Cooperation on Cancer Treatment and Child Health

At the high-level conference, “Dialogue for Children: Central Asia and UNICEF,” held recently in Tashkent, the health ministers of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan met to expand bilateral cooperation in healthcare. Kazakhstan’s Health Minister Akmaral Alnazarova and her Uzbek counterpart Asilbek Khudayarov discussed a range of initiatives aimed at enhancing the quality of medical services in both countries. According to the Uzbek Health Ministry, the discussions focused on joint research projects, the exchange of medical expertise, and collaboration within the coalition of countries supporting primary healthcare. The two sides also considered conducting environmental studies in the Aral Sea region to assess the...

Work-Life Balance

From Overtime to Downtime: Tracking Work and Leisure in Kazakhstan

Analysts at Finprom.kz have examined average working hours across different employment sectors in Kazakhstan, along with how people typically spend their leisure time. Standard Hours and Overtime As of the first quarter of 2025, Kazakhstan had 9.3 million registered employed citizens, a 1.3% increase compared to the same period last year. The majority, approximately 7.7 million people, work standard hours ranging from 36 to 40 per week, representing a 7.5% year-on-year increase. Conversely, the number of people working overtime declined to 1.2 million, a 4.9% decrease. On average, Kazakhstanis now work 39 hours per week, an increase of one hour...

Entertainment

Jennifer Lopez to Perform in Tashkent for the First Time

Global pop icon Jennifer Lopez will perform in Tashkent on August 7, as part of her Up All Night - Live in 2025 world tour, according to Uzbekistan’s Art and Culture Development Foundation. The concert, set to take place at Milliy Stadium, will mark Lopez’s debut performance in Uzbekistan. The event is part of a broader initiative by the Foundation to promote international cultural exchange and boost the country's tourism sector. Earlier, The Times of Central Asia reported that Lopez is also scheduled to perform in Kazakhstan’s capital Astana later this summer. Local organizers there estimate her concert could generate...

Global Peace Index

Tajikistan Slips in Global Peace Index But Maintains Upper-Half Ranking

Tajikistan ranked 72nd out of 163 countries in the 2024 edition of the Global Peace Index (GPI), published by the Institute for Economics and Peace. While the country dropped two places compared to the previous year, it remains in the upper half of the ranking, reflecting a decade of gradual improvement. Understanding the Peace Index The GPI is based on 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators assessing internal and external conflicts, levels of crime, political stability, military expenditure, and the degree of militarization. Scores range from 1 to 5, with lower scores indicating higher levels of peace and security. In 2024,...

Justice

Corruption Allegations

New York Mayor Eric Adams Under Scrutiny for Ties to Uzbek Businessman

New York City Mayor Eric Adams is facing renewed federal scrutiny over alleged ties to a Brooklyn-based businessman with close links to the Uzbek government. As The Times of Central Asia reported last year, the investigation centers on whether Adams helped improve Uzbekistan’s public image in exchange for campaign contributions. According to court documents reviewed by THE CITY, the businessman, Tolib Mansurov, a dual citizen of the United States and Uzbekistan, allegedly served as an intermediary for the Uzbek government while also helping to fund Adams’ mayoral campaigns. In return, Adams is said to have provided favorable public exposure that...

Women's Rights

Stealing Brides, Ignoring Justice: The Battle Against Forced Marriage in Central Asia

Social Media

Tajikistan Decriminalizes Likes and Other Reactions to Provocative Social Media Posts

Social Media

Tajikistan Lifts Criminal Penalties for Social Media Likes on ‘Extremist’ Content

Organized Crime

Bulgarian Spy Ring Sentenced: Questions Linger Over Possible Unprosecuted Crimes and Future Threats

Forced Labor

Forced Labor Rampant in Turkmenistan’s 2024 Cotton Harvest, Say Rights Groups

Despite public pledges of reform and cooperation with the International Labor Organization (ILO), Turkmenistan's government continues to enforce widespread forced labor during its annual cotton harvest. This is the core finding of a report released on May 19 by Turkmen.news, the Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights (TIHR), the Progres Foundation, and the Cotton Campaign coalition. Systemic Abuse: The Role of the State The report, titled “State-imposed Forced Labor in the 2024 Harvest and Links to Global Supply Chains,” identifies the Turkmen state as the primary orchestrator of forced labor practices. Observers documented conditions in the country’s key cotton-producing regions, Balkan,...

Crocus City Hall Terrorist Attack

Detention Extended for Four Suspects in Moscow Crocus City Hall Attack

The Moscow City Court has extended the detention of four Tajik citizens accused of participating in the deadly terrorist attack at Crocus City Hall in March. According to the court’s press service, the suspects will remain in custody for an additional three months and 28 days. The individuals, Fariduni Shamsiddin, Saidkrom Rachabalizoda, Dalerjon Mirzoev, and Muhammadsobir Faizov, have been named by Russian authorities as the primary perpetrators. They reportedly opened fire and set the concert venue ablaze on the evening of March 22. All four have been officially added to Russia’s federal list of terrorists and extremists. The attack, which...

Rukhshona Khakimova

UN Official Urges Tajikistan to Release, Retry Woman Convicted of Treason

A United Nations human rights expert has joined in calls for the release and retrial of a 31-year-old mother in Tajikistan who was convicted of treason and sentenced to eight years in prison after her research on Chinese aid to the Central Asian country allegedly aroused the suspicion of authorities. A U.N. statement described Rukhshona Khakimova as a “journalist and woman human rights defender” and said it appeared that she had not received a fair trial and may have been targeted for “legitimate human rights journalism” rather than any wrongdoing. “The case was part of a broader criminal investigation involving...

Crime

Brutal Assault on Kazakh Politician Raises Questions

Nurlan Baigaziev, a local politician in the Ili district in the Almaty region, has been brutally beaten in Taraz, according to reports that quickly spread across social media and were subsequently confirmed by law enforcement authorities. Incident Details Police confirmed that the incident occurred on the evening of May 13 at a local café. Baigaziev, who sustained facial injuries, was taken to a hospital but declined further treatment. The Zhambyl region police stated that a pre-trial investigation has been launched under Part 1 of Article 293 of the Criminal Code (hooliganism). An individual identified as being involved in the attack...

Environment

Glaciers

Experts Warn Tajikistan’s Melting Glaciers Threaten Regional Food Security

From May 29 to 31, Dushanbe is hosting the first-ever International Conference on Glacier Preservation. The event has drawn more than 2,500 representatives from 80 countries to the Tajik capital. On the eve of the forum, alarming data was released: Tajikistan has lost more than 1,000 glaciers over the past 23 years, a trend that jeopardizes food security for millions across Central Asia. Glaciers in Retreat, Climate in Crisis Tajikistan’s Deputy Prime Minister Dilrabo Mansuri noted that average air temperatures in the country have risen between 0.7°C and 1.9°C over the past 65 years, depending on the region. In the...

Air Quality

Kazakhstan’s Air Quality Stagnates Despite Emission Reforms

Environment

EDB Evaluates Environmental Projects to Combat Air Pollution in Bishkek

Aral Sea

Kazakhstan and World Bank Launch Second Phase to Revive Northern Aral Sea

Ecology

Kazakhstan Declares Kentau Industrial Zone an Ecological Emergency Area

Nuclear Energy

Kazakhstan Prioritizes Nuclear Energy in Long-Term Development Strategy

Kazakhstan has identified the development of nuclear energy as a strategic priority for the country's economic future, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced at the Astana International Forum (AIF). “Kazakhstan, which possesses 40% of the world's uranium reserves, views nuclear energy as a key pillar of its national development strategy,” Tokayev stated. “However, sustainable development is impossible without addressing the climate crisis, particularly as Central Asia is among the region’s most vulnerable to climate change. Global warming is occurring here at twice the global average rate.” To address this, Tokayev outlined Kazakhstan’s commitment to a pragmatic and regionally coordinated climate agenda. He...

Space Technologies

Uzbekistan Deploys Space Technology to Combat Environmental Violations

Uzbekistan’s Prosecutor General’s Office and the national space agency, Uzbekkosmos, have signed a memorandum of cooperation aimed at strengthening environmental protection through the use of space-based technologies. According to Uzbekkosmos, the agreement facilitates the exchange of information and the use of satellite tools to monitor environmental conditions and investigate violations. The initiative will integrate aerospace technologies into environmental inspections, preliminary investigations, and monitoring activities, leveraging the State Space Monitoring System to provide more accurate and transparent data. The partnership outlines joint actions to detect and prevent a range of ecological infractions, including the reduction of green spaces, illegal tree felling,...

Ecology

Uzbek Scientists Trial Salt-Tolerant Plants to Revive Aral Sea Seabed

Field trials are underway on the desiccated seabed of the Aral Sea as part of a restoration initiative spearheaded by Uzbekistan’s Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection, and Climate Change. The goal is to identify plant species capable of surviving in saline soils and contributing to the rehabilitation of this ecologically devastated landscape. The study is led by scientists from the Research Institute of Forestry and supervised by Dr. Zinoviy Novitsky. One of the most promising candidates is Arundo donax, a species of reed grass typically found in wetter environments. Despite its usual habitat, the plant has demonstrated a remarkable tolerance...

Water Security

Afghanistan’s Qosh-Tepa Canal Could Impact Kazakhstan’s Water Security

The construction of the Qosh-Tepa Canal in Afghanistan and its potential implications for Central Asia’s water security were central topics at the recent international conference, Water Security and Transboundary Water Use: Challenges and Solutions, held in Astana. Delegates from Turkey, Israel, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan convened to address the canal’s possible repercussions and broader issues of regional water distribution. Potential Threats to the Syr Darya Kazakhstan’s Deputy Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Aslan Abdraimov, warned that the Qosh-Tepa Canal could significantly reduce the flow of the Syr Darya River, with direct consequences for the already depleted Aral Sea....

Kazakhstan and Italy Forge a New Strategic Nexus

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Times of Central Asia

Business & Economy

Business & Economy

Kazakhstan Unveils Alatau: Investor-Led City with Crypto Ambitions

Kazakhstanis Spend Over Half Their Family Budget on Food

Central Asia’s Transport Logistics Shift Eastward

Kazakhstan Emphasizes Strategic Role of Trans-Caspian Route at Astana Forum

At AIF, Tokayev Proposes “CryptoCity” as Pilot Zone for Digital Innovation

Local Politics

Local Politics

Baikonur Fallout: Russia’s Cosmic Legacy Leaves Scars on Kazakhstan

A Resolution to Kyrgyzstan’s Last Border Problem?

Kyrgyzstan to Enforce Mandatory Car Insurance in July 2025

Kyrgyzstan Prepares National Development Program Through 2030

Kyrgyz Farmers to Pay Less for Irrigation Water Following Tariff Reform

International Affairs

International Affairs

Italy Courts Central Asia: Trade, Transit, and Tech Take Center Stage

Kazakhstan, Italy, and the Battle for Europe’s Energy Future

Can Kazakhstan Lead Small and Middle Powers in Reforming the UN?

Tashkent-Moscow Flight Diverted to Kazan Following Drone Attack Near Russian Capital

Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Hold Talks on Consular Cooperation and Citizen Rights