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One Military Alliance (CSTO) Monitors Woes of Another (NATO)

CSTO Leaders Tackle Regional Security, Nuclear Energy, and Afghan Border Concerns

Features

Central Asia-EU Summit

A Historic Gathering: The First Central Asia-European Union Summit in Samarkand

Turkey

What Does Turkey’s “Return” to Europe Mean for Central Asia?

Start-ups

Are Innovative Industries One of the Kyrgyz Republic’s Few Opportunities to Prosper?

The emergence of AI is considered by many to be a major tectonic shift, much like the emergence of the internet in its time. It is hard to overestimate the role innovation plays in our lives, with founders all over the world trying to pioneer our way out of the...

RFE/RL

Exposing the Cracks: Asem Tokayeva on the Decline of RFE/RL and Central Asia’s Media Future

Speaking to The Times of Central Asia, Asem Tokayeva, a seasoned journalist with years of experience at Radio Azattyq - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, offers a compelling critique of RFE/RL's challenges, from internal corruption allegations to its declining relevance in Central Asia's evolving media landscape. Tokayeva started her career with...

Child Labor

Forced and Child Labor Persist in Turkmen Cotton Harvest, UN Experts Say

The International Labour Organization (ILO), a United Nations agency focused on labor rights, has confirmed cases of forced labor involving public sector employees and children during Turkmenistan’s 2024 cotton harvest, despite a formal government ban introduced in July of that year. Public Sector Employees and Children Sent to the Fields...

EU-Central Asia Summit

Inside the EU’s New Power Play in Eurasia

EU-Central Asia Relations

EU’s Kallas Tours Central Asia Ahead of Landmark Samarkand Summit

Gold

Kyrgyzstan’s Gold Reserves Could Last a Century, Says Top Geologist

Kyrgyzstan’s largest gold mining operation, Kumtor Gold Company, has identified an additional 147 tons of gold through recent geological exploration. These reserves have now been officially added to the balance sheet of the state-run enterprise, reinforcing expert forecasts that gold extraction in the country can continue for decades to come....

Sunkar Podcast

Repatriating Islamic State Fighters and Families: Balancing Security and Humanity

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Opinions

Business & Economy

Food production

Italian Company Eyes Tomato Product Manufacturing in Kazakhstan

Italy’s Tramite Group is exploring opportunities to establish a tomato paste production facility in Kazakhstan, as part of broader efforts to boost agro-industrial cooperation between the two countries. On April 1, Kazakhstan’s Minister of Agriculture, Aidarbek Saparov, met with Gianantonio Tramet, founder and general manager of Tramite Group, to discuss tomato cultivation and processing in Kazakhstan, according to a statement from the Ministry of Agriculture. Tramet noted that his company is actively seeking partners to supply natural food products from Kazakhstan, citing the country's favorable climate for growing high-quality produce. Italy currently imports 180,000 tons of tomato paste annually, and...

Wealth

Central Asia’s Billionaires Make Forbes Rich List in 2025

Start-ups

Are Innovative Industries One of the Kyrgyz Republic’s Few Opportunities to Prosper?

Rare Earth Metals

Kazakhstan to Develop Rare Earth Metals Deposit in Karaganda Region

Digitalization

Singapore to Build Two Data Centers in Kazakhstan

Electricity

Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Move Closer to Electricity Exports to South Asia

Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have officially launched the 500 kV Datka-Sughd overhead power transmission line, a key component of the CASA-1000 (Central Asia-South Asia) electricity transmission project. The initiative is designed to export surplus summer electricity from the two Central Asian countries to Afghanistan and Pakistan. The 485-kilometer line, which connects the Datka substation in Kyrgyzstan with the Sughd substation in Tajikistan, was inaugurated on March 31 during Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov’s visit to the Tajik city of Khujand. Tajik President Emomali Rahmon also attended the ceremony. The new line enables bidirectional power flows, significantly enhancing the resilience and stability of...

Green economy

Tajikistan’s Green Deal: EBRD Launches Sustainability Pilot Projects

On April 1, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) inaugurated two demonstration sites under the Tajikistan Green Economy Financing Facility (GEFF II) in the town of Bokhtar. The initiative promotes innovation in sustainable energy and agriculture, backed by funding from South Korea, Austria, and the Green Climate Fund. The total program budget is $50 million. Bringing Energy Efficiency to Life The first site, located at the MoDO Khumo branch in Bokhtar, features a hybrid solar photovoltaic system combining solar panels with energy storage. This technology ensures a stable power supply even during periods of low solar activity. Real-time...

Economy

Uzbekistan’s Foreign Debt Climbs to $64.1 Billion in 2024

Uzbekistan’s total external debt rose to $64.1 billion in 2024, accounting for 55.7% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), according to a new report from the Central Bank on the balance of payments, international investment position, and external debt. This marks an increase from 51.9% at the end of 2023. The country’s external debt includes both public and private liabilities, though many private-sector entities, particularly in banking and industry, are partially or wholly state-owned. The government controls approximately 65% of the banking sector and holds stakes in major enterprises such as UzAuto Motors and Uzbekneftegaz. These companies, along with...

Business

U.S. Tech Giant Honeywell Expands Operations in Uzbekistan

Honeywell, a global leader in integrated technology solutions, has expanded its footprint in Uzbekistan by establishing a new legal entity, Honeywell Industrial Automation LLC. The initiative aims to support the digital transformation and automation of key industrial sectors in Uzbekistan and reflects a broader commitment to strengthening U.S.-Uzbek commercial ties. The official launch was celebrated on March 25 at a reception hosted by U.S. Ambassador to Uzbekistan Jonathan Henick at his residence in Tashkent. The event was attended by Uzbekistan’s Minister of Energy, Jurabek Mirzamakhmudov. Ambassador Henick reiterated the U.S. Embassy’s strong support for Honeywell’s initiatives, stating he looked forward...

Local Politics

Digitalization

Kazakhstan Launches Digital Highway Assistance Service

Kazakhstan has introduced a new digital service enabling drivers to notify fellow motorists about emergency situations on the road, an initiative designed to foster mutual assistance and reduce traffic incidents. Using a mobile application, drivers can input the license plate number of a vehicle they observe in trouble and send an anonymous alert to its owner. The system covers common scenarios such as a flat tire, an open window, a car blocking the road, activated alarms, or situations where another vehicle has collided with a parked car. The list of alert types may expand over time, and all messages are...

Child Labor

Forced and Child Labor Persist in Turkmen Cotton Harvest, UN Experts Say

Sport

Kazakhstan Senate Approves Ban on Budget Funding for Foreign Athletes

migrants rights

Tajik Authorities Urge Migrants in Russia to Legalize Status Ahead of April 30 Deadline Amid New Immigration Rules

Road Safety

Kyrgyz Drivers to Face On-the-Spot Traffic Rule Tests During Stops

Telecommunications

Kazakhstan to Curb SIM Card Issuance Amid Rising Digital Fraud

Kazakhstan is considering new restrictions on the number of SIM cards individuals and legal entities can possess, in a bid to combat growing digital fraud. The proposal was announced by First Deputy Prosecutor General Timur Tashimbayev during a parliamentary session where the corresponding bill is under discussion. Targeting Scams Through Regulation The draft legislation proposes a cap, either five or ten SIM cards per individual, as well as the introduction of video verification during registration, mirroring procedures used in the financial sector. “Unfortunately, anyone can currently purchase SIM cards with virtually no oversight. They’re sold in stores, handed out during...

Extremism

Kazakhstan Mandates Sports Federations to Help Detect Extremism

Sports federations in Kazakhstan will now be required to assist in preventing extremism and terrorism, under new provisions in the updated Law “On Physical Culture and Sport.” The amendment stems from concerns over the growing influence of religious movements in the sports environment, according to Vice-Minister of Tourism and Sports Serik Zharasbayev. Speaking to reporters on the sidelines of a Senate session, Zharasbayev explained that the measure is being implemented in cooperation with the National Security Committee. “This provision was introduced in collaboration with the National Security Committee due to the need to address emerging risks. We are working within...

Environment

Kazakhstan Considers Resuming Saiga Culling Amid Ecological and Agricultural Tensions

Kazakhstan’s Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources, Yerlan Nysanbayev, has addressed the growing debate over the potential resumption of saiga culling, acknowledging that while no decision has yet been made, consultations with scientists and environmental experts are ongoing. Conservation or Population Control? Speaking at a government briefing, Nysanbayev emphasized the complexity of the issue. “We expect a second meeting. Science needs time to comprehensively study the situation, assess obligations, and determine whether population regulation is necessary or if alternative measures are viable,” he said. The minister acknowledged that the conflict between wildlife and agricultural interests is becoming increasingly apparent. “There...

Animal Rights

Bishkek Continues Controversial Stray Dog Culling Amid Criticism and Lack of Resources

In 2024, Bishkek authorities received 158 citizen requests to capture and eliminate stray animals, all of which were fulfilled. According to official data, 14,378 stray dogs were captured and killed over the course of the year in the Kyrgyz capital. Despite longstanding regulations mandating humane treatment, sterilization, vaccination, and release, city officials cite a lack of resources and infrastructure as the reason for continuing the practice of mass culling. The current rules were approved by the Bishkek City Council in 2002. “There are no municipal shelters for stray animals in Bishkek,” the City Council stated in official documents. “As a...

International Affairs

Central Asia-EU Summit

A Historic Gathering: The First Central Asia-European Union Summit in Samarkand

Excitement is building in Samarkand as it gears up to host the inaugural Central Asia-European Union Summit. This landmark event promises to pave the way for significant negotiations and collaboration, bringing together leaders and representatives from both regions. With a rich cultural backdrop and a vibrant atmosphere, Samarkand is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of partnerships and cooperation between Central Asia and the European Union. In recent weeks, Uzbekistan has experienced notable advancements in its foreign policy, signaling a proactive approach to international collaboration. A highlighted event was the fruitful engagement between Uzbekistan's head of...

Central Asia-EU Summit

Uzbekistan Prepares to Host Historic Central Asia-EU Summit in Samarkand

RFE/RL

Exposing the Cracks: Asem Tokayeva on the Decline of RFE/RL and Central Asia’s Media Future

Russia

EU’s Kaja Kallas: Russia Must Not Use Central Asia to Bypass Sanctions

Khujand Summit

Historic Khujand Summit Paves Way for Peace in the Ferghana Valley

Turkey

What Does Turkey’s “Return” to Europe Mean for Central Asia?

Turkey’s ties with Europe are undergoing a reinvigoration. This phenomenon is foregrounded by recent high-level diplomatic engagements and burgeoning military and economic linkages, which may at first glance appear as a realignment within the Euro-Atlantic system. It holds deeper implications, however, and most consequentially for Central Asia. Turkey is re-entering the European strategic imagination, this time not as a supplicant but as a self-assured middle power. Europe's altered international environment, by changing its external posture, will provide the Central Asian states with additional geopolitical resources in a world marked by shifting alignments and competing centers of power. To grasp the...

Collective Security Treaty Organization

Controversies and Rejections: What Future Awaits the CSTO?

Armenia has officially refused to contribute financially to the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a bloc tasked with ensuring the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of its member states. Meanwhile, the organization’s Secretary General, Imangali Tasmagambetov, has come under scrutiny for remarks he made related to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Shifting Alliances and Regional Tensions Founded in 1992, the CSTO comprises Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Tajikistan, and Armenia. Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan have withdrawn from the organization at various times. While the CSTO regularly conducts joint military exercises and cooperates on counter-terrorism and anti-narcotics efforts, the war...

EU-Central Asia Summit

Inside the EU’s New Power Play in Eurasia

Kaja Kallas’s late-March 2025 tour of Central Asia, in her role as the European Union’s High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, was a high-signal intervention in structural terms. It indicates a major re-evaluation of the EU’s posture toward a region historically treated as a far-flung, liminal borderland. As the inaugural EU–Central Asia Summit in Samarkand on April 3–4 approaches, her visible diplomatic activity was less about spectacle than about configuring a new field of co-adaptive engagement. Not only the European Union but also, separately, the United Kingdom are both seeking new regional footholds for building durable alignments. Central...

EU-Central Asia Relations

EU’s Kallas Tours Central Asia Ahead of Landmark Samarkand Summit

Last week, Kaja Kallas, the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, toured Central Asia in advance of the first-ever EU-Central Asia Summit. The notable meeting is set to take place in the ancient Uzbek city of Samarkand on April 3-4. EU-Central Asia Summit Samarkand, a city increasingly popular among international travelers, has hosted high-level gatherings before, including the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in September 2022. However, the upcoming summit marks the first time the top leadership of all five post-Soviet Central Asian republics will convene with the EU at this...

Life & Culture

Health

Kazakh Villages Voluntarily Embrace Alcohol-Free Lifestyle

An increasing number of villages across Kazakhstan are voluntarily banning the sale of alcohol, reflecting a grassroots movement aimed at improving public health, safety, and the wellbeing of future generations. Prosecutor General Berik Asylov highlighted the trend on his official X (formerly Twitter) account, describing it as a conscious decision made by ordinary citizens, not a top-down directive. “When citizens take responsibility, reality itself changes,” he wrote, emphasizing that the initiative stems from the community level. Bottom-Up Initiative, Top-Level Support One notable example comes from a village in the Mangistau region, where residents released a video declaring their collective decision...

Agriculture

Kazakhstan Launches Ambitious Project to Revive Legendary Aport Apple

Science

Scientists of Ancient Central Asia Still Relevant in the Modern World; The Idea of the Averaged Turkic Language

Open Budget Initiative

Opinion – Not Ready for Democracy? Come See Our Street

Obituary

Kazakhstan: Alexander Mashkevich, Business and Jewish Community Leader, Dies

Transport

Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan Plan Faster Routes from Almaty to Issyk-Kul

Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have taken another step toward implementing a long-discussed infrastructure project: the construction of an alternative highway linking Almaty, Kazakhstan’s largest city, to Lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan’s top tourist destination. On March 28, Almaty hosted the sixth meeting of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh Working Group on Transport and Infrastructure Development, held under the framework of the Almaty-Bishkek Economic Corridor Project, with support from the Asian Development Bank. Participants agreed on the key parameters for a feasibility study and committed to accelerating the implementation of the new road. [caption id="attachment_30342" align="aligncenter" width="740"] @AKIPress/The existing road from Almaty to Issyk-Kul and three possible...

Sports

Tajikistan to Chronicle Soccer Legacy with New Museum and Landmark Book

A museum dedicated to the history of Tajik soccer will be inaugurated in a new stadium currently under construction in Dushanbe. The project was initiated by Rustami Emomali, Mayor of Dushanbe and President of the Tajikistan Football Federation. A People's Archive of Soccer Heritage The Tajikistan Football Federation has called on fans, athletes, and sports veterans to contribute memorabilia related to the country's soccer history. Sought-after items include match jerseys, medals, trophies, certificates, books, and any other artifacts that reflect the evolution of soccer in Tajikistan. “The owners of valuable items and objects, as well as the authors of significant...

Kazakh Films

Segiz: Exploring Kazakhstan’s Beauty on the Road Less Traveled

The Times of Central Asia’s cinematographer for the World Nomad Games, Ilyas Otan, is on a mission to put Kazakhstan's tourism on the map. An independent film producer and fixer, Otan took a bold step to showcase his vision, producing Segiz with director Almas Maksut, a captivating short documentary that brings together eight international travelers to uncover the secrets of a mysterious mountain lake in Central Asia. The film premiered at the 2021 Eurasian Film Festival and snagged the Best Documentary award at Czechia's International Road Movie Festival. Now, it is available to stream. A Werner Herzog quote opens the...

Sports

Kazakh Table Tennis Star Praised by Fan of the Game – President Tokayev

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev of Kazakhstan knows a few things about table tennis topspin. Wearing a suit and tie, he has displayed a solid forehand while sparring with a young athlete. He once smashed a ball past Turkish leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The Kazakh president was head of the national table tennis federation for more than a decade and has attended the openings of centers for the game in the country. So perhaps it wasn’t a surprise that Tokayev took notice when Kazakhstan’s Kirill Gerassimenko, a three-time Olympian table tennis player, notched another accomplishment this month. Gerassimenko won gold in the...

Justice

Crime

Three Uzbeks Sentenced to Death in UAE for Murder of Israeli-Moldovan Rabbi

A court in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has sentenced three Uzbek nationals to death for the murder of Rabbi Zvi Kogan, a dual citizen of Israel and Moldova. The verdict, issued on March 30, has not yet been publicly confirmed by UAE authorities, according to The Times of Israel. Reports of the sentencing began circulating on social media, including an audio recording purportedly featuring one of the convicted men informing his family of the court’s decision. In the recording, the man urges his mother and sister to trust in Allah, ask for forgiveness on their behalf, and remain patient....

Children's Rights

Kazakhstan Cracks Down on Crimes Against Children and Women

Military

Uzbekistan’s New Emphasis on the Military

English Common Law

English Law in Kyrgyzstan? Bold Move Faces Hurdles in Investment Disputes

Espionage

Bulgarian Spy Ring Attempted to Threaten Kazakh President’s Western Ties

Media Crackdown

Traditional Storytellers in Kyrgyzstan Face Scrutiny From Authorities

Asylbek Maratov is a performer of folk-style poetry in Kyrgyzstan, a form of cultural expression that dates from the time when nomads roamed Central Asia and involves music and improvisation, often delivered at ceremonies and other special events as well as on social media Lately, Maratov and some other akyns, as these oral storytellers are known, have faced pressure in a country where the government is tightening up on expression as a way to ensure what it calls ‘national stability’. The tension points to sensitivities about how freely they can sing or talk about issues that they think are relevant...

Animal Rights

Bishkek Continues Controversial Stray Dog Culling Amid Criticism and Lack of Resources

Travel Restrictions

Turkmenistan Government Monitoring Former Law Enforcers and Imposing Travel Restrictions

Turkmenistan’s Ministry of Justice has launched an initiative to collect data on former Interior Ministry officials to track those who have left the country. This move is the latest in a series of efforts by the government to monitor and restrict its citizens’ ability to travel abroad. Tracking Former Law Enforcement Officers Since February 2025, the Ministry of Justice has been compiling information on former law enforcement officers who held ranks of major or higher and served between 1991 and 2024. The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of National Security (MNS), the Migration Service, and the Prosecutor’s Office have...

Human Trafficking

Ukrainian Fugitive Arrested in Poland for Organ Trafficking in Central Asia

A 35-year-old Ukrainian woman has been arrested in Przemyśl, Poland, based on an Interpol Red Notice, according to the country’s prosecutor’s office. She has been on the run since November 9, 2020, after being sentenced to 12 years in prison by a court in Kazakhstan for her role in an organized crime group involved in human organ trafficking. On March 6, 2025, border guards at the railway crossing in Przemyśl detained Ksenia P. (whose name is protected under Polish privacy laws) during a routine inspection. Authorities confirmed that she had been convicted in Kazakhstan for her involvement in an international...

Environment

Transport

Bishkek Activists Demand Comeback for City’s Scrapped Trolleybuses

As Bishkek prepares to introduce its first fleet of electric buses, local activists are mounting a legal campaign to save the city’s trolleybus system from complete dismantlement. Municipality’s Modernization Push The first two electric buses from China’s Anhui Ankai Automobile Co. have already arrived in Bishkek and will soon begin operating on city routes. In total, the city has procured 120 electric buses, with the remaining 118 expected to be delivered by May, according to Daiyrbek Orunbekov, head of information policy at the President’s Office. Orunbekov said the new vehicles will replace outdated public transport and help improve the capital’s...

Nature

Kazakhstan’s Altyn-Emel Named Among World’s Most Incredible National Parks

Environment

Kazakhstan Considers Resuming Saiga Culling Amid Ecological and Agricultural Tensions

Waste-to-Energy

Uzbekistan to Generate Electricity from Household Waste

Water Access

Uzbek Minister: Afghans Have the Right to Amu Darya Water Too

Irrigation

New Report Urges Local Irrigation Equipment Production to Tackle Water Scarcity in Central Asia

The Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) have jointly released a report titled Irrigation Equipment Production in Central Asia: Industrialising the Water Sector, highlighting the urgent need to localize irrigation equipment manufacturing in the region. The publication argues that establishing a domestic irrigation equipment manufacturing sector could serve as a strategic response to mounting water challenges in Central Asia. It calls for coordinated action by regional governments, international organizations, and private sector actors to implement investment and policy frameworks aimed at reducing reliance on imports and fostering a self-sufficient production ecosystem. Heavy Dependence on...

Earthquake

Two Earthquakes Strike Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Causing Damage in Talas Region

Two earthquakes struck Central Asia early on March 28, affecting parts of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The first tremor, with a magnitude of 5.5, occurred in southern Kazakhstan, approximately 133 kilometers from Bishkek. The Kyrgyz capital felt the tremors at 4:42 a.m., according to the Institute of Seismology at the National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan. The quake registered a strength of four points in Bishkek and reached up to five points in parts of Kyrgyzstan’s Talas Region, which borders Kazakhstan. A second, less powerful earthquake was recorded at 7:00 a.m. on the Chatkal Ridge in southwestern Kyrgyzstan. It registered a...

Climate Change

New UNEP Atlas Highlights Kyrgyzstan’s Climate Vulnerability

Amid intensifying climate impacts, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) released its Atlas of Environmental Change for Kyrgyzstan on March 26, offering a comprehensive assessment of the country's growing environmental risks and response strategies. Warming at Twice the Global Rate According to the Atlas, average annual temperatures in Kyrgyzstan have increased by 1.2°C between 1960 and 2023, double the global average of 0.6°C. This accelerated warming has exacerbated water scarcity and the likelihood of natural disasters, a trend expected to intensify in the coming decades. While water availability declines, demand continues to rise, particularly in agriculture. The report stresses the urgent...

Agriculture

Kyrgyzstan Combats Pastureland Degradation to Safeguard Livestock Farming

Pastureland is a strategic asset for Kyrgyzstan, where agriculture forms the backbone of rural livelihoods. A majority of the population depends on raising sheep, cattle, and horses for food and income. However, widespread degradation of pastureland, especially near settlements, now poses a growing threat to the country's livestock sector. Farmers and herders increasingly favor grazing their animals on easily accessible village pastures, leaving more remote areas underused. This uneven distribution has led to overgrazing and deterioration of pastures near populated areas. According to the Ministry of Water Resources, Agriculture and Processing Industry, more than 139,000 hectares of village pastures have...

Controversies and Rejections: What Future Awaits the CSTO?

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Sunkar Podcast

Sunkar Podcast

Opinions

Opinions

Dr. Robert M. Cutler

Nikola Mikovic

Bruce Pannier

Business & Economy

Business & Economy

Italian Company Eyes Tomato Product Manufacturing in Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Move Closer to Electricity Exports to South Asia

Tajikistan’s Green Deal: EBRD Launches Sustainability Pilot Projects

Uzbekistan’s Foreign Debt Climbs to $64.1 Billion in 2024

U.S. Tech Giant Honeywell Expands Operations in Uzbekistan

Local Politics

Local Politics

Kazakhstan Launches Digital Highway Assistance Service

Kazakhstan to Curb SIM Card Issuance Amid Rising Digital Fraud

Kazakhstan Mandates Sports Federations to Help Detect Extremism

Kazakhstan Considers Resuming Saiga Culling Amid Ecological and Agricultural Tensions

Bishkek Continues Controversial Stray Dog Culling Amid Criticism and Lack of Resources

International Affairs

International Affairs

A Historic Gathering: The First Central Asia-European Union Summit in Samarkand

What Does Turkey’s “Return” to Europe Mean for Central Asia?

Controversies and Rejections: What Future Awaits the CSTO?

Inside the EU’s New Power Play in Eurasia

EU’s Kallas Tours Central Asia Ahead of Landmark Samarkand Summit