The Times Of Central Asia | Eurasian Publication & News Online

Trump’s Tariff Blitz Targets Global Imports, Kazakhstan Faces Harshest Impact in Central Asia

Kuirektykol Deposit May Elevate Kazakhstan to Global Leader in Rare-Earth Reserves

Features

Economy

Opinion: Kazakhstan’s Tax Reform May Come as an Unpleasant Surprise

Railway

Stadler Begins Production of Railcars for Kazakhstan’s National Railway in Astana

Serial production of passenger railcars for Kazakhstan's national rail carrier, Passenger Transportation JSC, has officially commenced in Astana. The project is being implemented at the Stadler Kazakhstan LLP plant as part of a broader initiative to modernize the country's railway sector. Contract for 557 Cars The initiative stems from a...

Climate Change

Central Asia Endures Record-Breaking March Heatwave Attributed to Climate Change

Trump Tariffs

Trump Tariffs: A Barrier for Kyrgyzstan, or an Opportunity?

Sports

Excitement Mounts After Trio of Central Asian Countries Launch Joint Bid to Host 2031 AFC Cup

Oil and Gas

Gas Crunch in Uzbekistan: Industry Falters as Demand Surges

In the first two months of 2025, Uzbekistan's natural gas production declined by 4.2% compared to the same period in 2024, continuing a troubling trend that has seen output fall from 61.59 billion cubic meters in 2018 to 44.59 billion cubic meters in 2024. This persistent decrease raises concerns about...

Forecast

Opinion – Storm Clouds Over Kazakhstan: Oil Slump and Global Risks Threaten Economic Stability

The persistent decline in Brent crude prices is the latest sign of a looming 'perfect storm' for Kazakhstan’s economy, the largest in Central Asia. With the mining sector comprising nearly half of its GDP and oil as a cornerstone resource, the nation’s economic stability is facing a cascade of potential...

Soltan Achilova

UN Calls on Turkmenistan to Probe Suspected Poisoning of Journalist Soltan Achilova

Sunkar Podcast

Repatriating Islamic State Fighters and Families: Balancing Security and Humanity

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Opinions

Business & Economy

Trump Tariffs

Kazakhstan’s Economy Receives Boost Amid Changing Tariff and Commodity Dynamics

Kazakhstan’s economy has recently navigated a series of external market shocks. While the suspension of U.S. reciprocal tariffs by President Trump represents a positive development, its direct impact on Kazakhstan is minimal, as the 27% tariff applied to only a minor segment (4.8%) of the nation’s exports and excluded key commodities such as oil, uranium, and silver. Kazakhstan is still subject to the universal baseline rate of 10%. However, the broader improvement in global market dynamics, spurred by increased demand for commodities that Kazakhstan predominantly produces, has provided a substantial boon to the country's economic prospects. This shift underscores a...

North-South Highway

Kyrgyzstan Delays Opening of Alternative North-South Highway to 2026

OpenAI Registers as Taxpayer in Uzbekistan

Railway

Stadler Begins Production of Railcars for Kazakhstan’s National Railway in Astana

Tax Reform

Ruling Party Urges Government to Revise VAT Reform Plans

Economy

Opinion: Kazakhstan’s Tax Reform May Come as an Unpleasant Surprise

Kazakhstan's tax reform has reached a critical juncture. This week, the Mazhilis, the lower house of parliament, approved the draft of the new Tax Code in its first reading. The sweeping document, comprising 822 articles, proposes the repeal of the current Tax Code along with the accompanying implementation law. While the reform fulfils directives issued by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in his 2022 and 2023 state-of-the-nation addresses, skepticism abounds. Experts and business leaders have voiced concerns, and lawmakers themselves have offered mixed reviews, with many adopting a critical stance. Concerns About Scope and Timing Though tax professionals broadly agree on the...

Rare Earth Metals

Kazakhstan to Auction 50 Rare Metal Deposits in June 2025

Kazakhstan will grant exploration and development rights for 50 deposits of gold and rare metals through an electronic auction scheduled for June 2025, the Ministry of Industry and Construction has announced. Almas Kushumov, Director of the Ministry’s Department of Subsoil Use, shared the details through MINEX Kazakhstan (Mining and Exploration Forum). “We will auction off deposits with confirmed balance reserves, gold, coal, rare metals, and polymetals,” Kushumov said. “The information will be published soon on the Unified Platform of Subsoil Use, and in June we plan to hold the electronic auction. All participants will be able to submit their documents...

Economic Growth

ADB Forecasts Steady Economic Growth for Tajikistan Through 2026

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects that Tajikistan will sustain strong economic growth over the next two years, according to the bank’s Asian Development Outlook 2025 released in April. Robust Growth Ahead Tajikistan’s gross domestic product is forecast to grow by 7.4% in 2025 and 6.8% in 2026. This growth is expected to be fueled by significant investments in the energy and industrial sectors, solid domestic demand, and an increasingly dynamic private sector. While these figures mark a slight decline from the impressive 8.4% GDP growth recorded in 2024, one of the highest in the region, the ADB highlights the...

Trump Tariffs

Trump Tariffs: A Barrier for Kyrgyzstan, or an Opportunity?

Akylbek Japarov, former head of Kyrgyzstan’s Cabinet of Ministers, has described the United States’ newly imposed trade duties as an "economic earthquake" already reshaping global markets. However, he sees an opportunity for Kyrgyzstan, which faces a comparatively low U.S. tariff rate of just 10%. A Regional Advantage Japarov argues that China has been hit hardest by the new U.S. tariffs. “Following the introduction of duties, Chinese goods are 20-35 percent less competitive, not due to the nominal tariff alone, but because of higher overall costs, disrupted logistics, contract renegotiations, and increased risk premiums,” he explained in a Facebook post. “Part...

Local Politics

Politics

Kyrgyz Security Agency Condemns Osh Mayor’s City Toll Plan

Kyrgyzstan’s State Committee for National Security (SCNS) has sharply criticized a controversial proposal by the mayor of Osh, the country's second-largest city, to introduce an entry fee for vehicles arriving from other regions. Mayor Jenishbek Toktorbayev raised the idea earlier this week during a municipal meeting focused on identifying new sources of revenue for the city budget. Arguing that Osh cannot rely indefinitely on central government support from Bishkek, Toktorbayev floated the possibility of charging motorists for access to the city. According to the mayor, Osh is home to over 500,000 residents, with the population exceeding 800,000 when accounting for...

Agriculture

Kazakhstan Imposes Temporary Ban on Chicken Egg Imports

Transport and Logistics

Kyrgyz Lawmaker Challenges $15 Tint Fee for Drivers Crossing into Uzbekistan

Telecommunications

Kazakhstan to Curb SIM Card Issuance Amid Rising Digital Fraud

Extremism

Kazakhstan Mandates Sports Federations to Help Detect Extremism

Civil Service

Kazakhstan Aims to Cut Civil Service to Curb Budget Spending

Kazakhstan's Ministry of National Economy has proposed a reduction in the number of state organizations and civil servants as part of broader efforts to lower government spending. The proposal was presented on Wednesday during a session of the Mazhilis, the lower house of Kazakhstan’s parliament, as lawmakers reviewed the country’s proposed new Tax Code. The issue of fiscal efficiency and potential savings sparked debate among deputies. “We have prepared several proposals. We will reduce the number of employees in subordinate organizations,” said Minister of National Economy Serik Zhumangarin during the session. As part of the plan, the government is also...

Food Security

From Malnutrition to Water Scarcity: UN Identifies Key Threats to Food Security in Tajikistan

A new United Nations report titled Food Security and Nutrition Outlook for Europe and Central Asia 2024 has outlined the major challenges facing Tajikistan in nutrition, public health, and sustainable agriculture. The report identifies chronic malnutrition, rising childhood obesity, and vulnerability to climate change as the principal threats to the country’s food system. According to the findings, Tajikistan continues to face a dual burden: while undernutrition remains a persistent issue, obesity is on the rise, particularly among children. In 2022, nearly one in seven Tajik children under five (13.1%) suffered from stunting due to chronic malnutrition, while 9.9% were affected...

Digitalization

Kazakhstan Launches Digital Highway Assistance Service

Kazakhstan has introduced a new digital service enabling drivers to notify fellow motorists about emergency situations on the road, an initiative designed to foster mutual assistance and reduce traffic incidents. Using a mobile application, drivers can input the license plate number of a vehicle they observe in trouble and send an anonymous alert to its owner. The system covers common scenarios such as a flat tire, an open window, a car blocking the road, activated alarms, or situations where another vehicle has collided with a parked car. The list of alert types may expand over time, and all messages are...

Child Labor

Forced and Child Labor Persist in Turkmen Cotton Harvest, UN Experts Say

The International Labour Organization (ILO), a United Nations agency focused on labor rights, has confirmed cases of forced labor involving public sector employees and children during Turkmenistan’s 2024 cotton harvest, despite a formal government ban introduced in July of that year. Public Sector Employees and Children Sent to the Fields According to the ILO’s findings, employees of state institutions, including kindergartens, schools, and hospitals, were mobilized for cotton picking alongside children. These violations occurred even after the official prohibition on such practices was enacted. During a visit to Turkmenistan in autumn 2024, ILO experts found that around 20% of surveyed...

International Affairs

Regional Influence

A New Great Game: Multipolar Competition in Central Asia

At a time when the European Union, China, and Turkey are seeking to strengthen their presence in Central Asia, the United States administration is consumed with bilaterally implementing a seismic shift in its trade policy with the entire world. Although this region of post-Soviet space is widely seen as a new front of rivalry between Washington and Beijing, in many aspects, American influence in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan lags far behind that of other actors. Culture (soft power) has always played an important role in the foreign policy of every great power. The Soviet Union was no exception....

Central Asia-EU Summit

Mirziyoyev Champions a Flourishing Central Asia by Enhancing Collaboration With the European Union

Central Asia‐EU Summit

Samarkand Declaration Paves the Way for a Stronger Central Asia–EU Partnership

U.S. Tariffs

Trump’s Tariff Blitz Targets Global Imports, Kazakhstan Faces Harshest Impact in Central Asia

Turkey

What Does Turkey’s “Return” to Europe Mean for Central Asia?

Central Asia-EU Summit

Why Europe Is Betting Big on Kazakhstan’s Future

On April 3, Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in Samarkand, ahead of the Central Asia–European Union summit. Although the meeting was brief, it came at a key moment, bringing into focus a set of shared economic and technological priorities that both sides increasingly treat as strategic. Tokayev made his position plain: Kazakhstan is looking to push forward in four core areas of cooperation with the EU: energy, industrial infrastructure, transport and logistics, and digital technology. Each of these lines up with the country’s broader goals for economic modernization. The two leaders also...

Radio Free Europe

Future of Radio Free Europe Uncertain as U.S. Agency Weighs Support

The agreement between Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM) may be renewed, following recent developments that could secure the broadcaster’s future. On March 26, USAGM officials indicated that the agency would continue disbursing funds allocated by Congress for fiscal year 2025. This follows a ruling by Judge Royce Lamberth of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, who granted RFE/RL’s request for a temporary restraining order against the termination of its federal grant. At stake is $77 million in funding designated for RFE/RL, which operates under a grant to a nonprofit...

EU-Central Asia Summit

EU-Central Asia Summit Opens New Opportunities for Kazakhstan

The first-ever summit between the European Union and the five Central Asian countries opened on April 3 in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. The meeting marks a milestone in regional diplomacy, as both sides seek to deepen cooperation amid growing geopolitical shifts. Kazakhstan, in particular, is entering the summit with growing international clout, thanks to its stable economic performance and balanced foreign policy approach. European Council President António Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen are representing the EU at the summit, which is being chaired by Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. According to official sources, the summit aims to demonstrate mutual...

Central Asia-EU Summit

A Historic Gathering: The First Central Asia-European Union Summit in Samarkand

Excitement is building in Samarkand as it gears up to host the inaugural Central Asia-European Union Summit. This landmark event promises to pave the way for significant negotiations and collaboration, bringing together leaders and representatives from both regions. With a rich cultural backdrop and a vibrant atmosphere, Samarkand is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of partnerships and cooperation between Central Asia and the European Union. In recent weeks, Uzbekistan has experienced notable advancements in its foreign policy, signaling a proactive approach to international collaboration. A highlighted event was the fruitful engagement between Uzbekistan's head of...

Life & Culture

Sports

Excitement Mounts After Trio of Central Asian Countries Launch Joint Bid to Host 2031 AFC Cup

On February 24, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan officially submitted a joint bid to host the 2031 AFC Asian Football Cup. If selected, the 2031 tournament would be the first top-level football event hosted in Central Asia. Central Asian Football Association (CAFA) President Rustam Emomali – the eldest son of Tajik President Emomali Rahmon - displayed his enthusiasm following the bid. “Our Central Asian region has never hosted the final part of the Asian Cup. I think the time has come. Our region is represented by very strong teams, and I am confident that together with the fraternal countries, we will...

Healthcare

Central Asia Launches Joint Initiative to Eliminate Tuberculosis by 2030

Kok boru

After Player’s Death, Kyrgyzstan Debates How to Make Kok Boru Safer

Science

Tajik Ophthalmologist Parvina Mirakhmedova Wins Innovation Award in London

Health

Unvaccinated Children Barred from First Grade in Kyrgyzstan

Music

Jennifer Lopez to Perform in Kazakhstan – Billion-Tenge Boost Expected

American pop icon Jennifer Lopez will perform in Kazakhstan’s capital this summer, with local officials predicting a major economic windfall from the event. Malik Hasenov, producer at Astana Concert Company, told a recent government meeting that the concert could generate over 6.5 billion KZT ($12.6 million) for the city’s economy and contribute 400 million KZT ($778,000) in taxes to the state budget. Kazakhstan on the Map of J.Lo's World Tour Astana has been added to Lopez’s Up All Night world tour schedule, with the concert set to take place at Astana Arena on August 1. The tour includes stops in...

History

The Ruthless History of the Great Game in Central Asia

In the so-called New Great Game, Central Asia is no longer a mere backdrop; with its strategic location, massive oil and gas reserves, and newfound deposits of critical raw materials, it’s a key player. In stark contrast to events in the 19th century, this time, Central Asia finds itself courted by four great powers - China, the EU, the U.S., and Russia - instead of caught in the crosshairs of conquest. The region finds itself with agency. However, the original Great Game was anything but fair play. Comprising vast steppes, nomadic horsemen, descendants of Genghis Khan’s Great Horde, and a...

Kazakh Art

Future Nostalgia: Alexander Ugay’s Parisian Debut at NIKA Projects

Have you ever had that feeling of “Future Nostalgia” - as Dua Lipa would put it – when looking at old sci-fi movies that were imagining a future that never came to pass? The fact that this future didn’t materialise might be as might be seen as both a blessing and a disappointment, as artist Alexander Ugay has us reflecting upon with his Parisian debut. Born in Kazakhstan to a Korean family deported under Stalin’s regime, Ugay’s work is heavily inspired by his own experience and is layered with echoes of ancestral trauma, the faded promise of Soviet modernity, and...

Islamization

Balancing Secularism and Belief: Central Asia Grapples with Rising Islamization

Although the Central Asian republics officially uphold secular governance, they may be experiencing a subtle, creeping Islamization beneath the surface. While state-controlled media across the region maintain that religious movements are well-managed, occasional incidents suggest a growing divergence between official narratives and societal realities. One such incident recently drew attention in Kazakhstan, where a photo circulated online showing girls in burkas holding a Kazakh flag inscribed with Arabic script. The image prompted Mazhilis Deputy Yermurat Bapi to call on the government to intensify efforts against radical religious movements. “Our attention was drawn to the fact that the inscriptions on the...

Justice

Media

Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Critic of Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan Border Agreement

Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan earned international praise last month when they signed a border agreement ending years of tension that had sometimes spilled into deadly violence. A recent arrest in Kyrgyzstan suggests that authorities are sensitive to any criticism of a deal that was widely hailed as a big step for closer ties among Central Asian countries. Kanyshai Mamyrkulova, who has been described by Kyrgyz media sources as a journalist and an activist, was arrested on March 20, a week after President Sadyr Japarov of Kyrgyzstan and Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan’s leader, signed the peace agreement following painstaking negotiations over the delineation...

Corruption

Belgium Transfers $108 Million in Seized Assets to State Treasury Following Uzbek Corruption Probe

Crime

Three Uzbeks Sentenced to Death in UAE for Murder of Israeli-Moldovan Rabbi

Children's Rights

Kazakhstan Cracks Down on Crimes Against Children and Women

Military

Uzbekistan’s New Emphasis on the Military

Soltan Achilova

UN Calls on Turkmenistan to Probe Suspected Poisoning of Journalist Soltan Achilova

The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Mary Lawlor, has called on Turkmenistan to launch an independent investigation into alleged attempts to poison 75-year-old journalist and human rights activist Soltan Achilova and her family members. The appeal was published on the website of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. “These are extremely serious allegations which, if confirmed, would constitute a violation of Achilova's right to life,” Lawlor stated. “Authorities have an obligation to conduct a thorough investigation and bring the perpetrators to justice.” The alleged poisoning incident occurred in November 2024 when...

Baikonur

Three Spaniards, One Australian Detained at Baikonur Cosmodrome

The Baikonur Cosmodrome in a remote part of Kazakhstan has long held allure for people – trespassers included - who are intrigued by its storied role as a facility that pioneered early space exploration and remains a vital part of Russia’s space program. Three Spanish citizens and one Australian were detained while trying to get into a restricted area housing old space infrastructure at Baikonur on Tuesday night, reported RIA Novosti, a Russian state-owned news agency. It cited an unidentified source. Another Russian media organization, Tass, later reported that the Spaniards had been released and that the Spanish embassy in...

Media Crackdown

Traditional Storytellers in Kyrgyzstan Face Scrutiny From Authorities

Asylbek Maratov is a performer of folk-style poetry in Kyrgyzstan, a form of cultural expression that dates from the time when nomads roamed Central Asia and involves music and improvisation, often delivered at ceremonies and other special events as well as on social media Lately, Maratov and some other akyns, as these oral storytellers are known, have faced pressure in a country where the government is tightening up on expression as a way to ensure what it calls ‘national stability’. The tension points to sensitivities about how freely they can sing or talk about issues that they think are relevant...

Animal Rights

Bishkek Continues Controversial Stray Dog Culling Amid Criticism and Lack of Resources

In 2024, Bishkek authorities received 158 citizen requests to capture and eliminate stray animals, all of which were fulfilled. According to official data, 14,378 stray dogs were captured and killed over the course of the year in the Kyrgyz capital. Despite longstanding regulations mandating humane treatment, sterilization, vaccination, and release, city officials cite a lack of resources and infrastructure as the reason for continuing the practice of mass culling. The current rules were approved by the Bishkek City Council in 2002. “There are no municipal shelters for stray animals in Bishkek,” the City Council stated in official documents. “As a...

Environment

Climate Change

Central Asia Endures Record-Breaking March Heatwave Attributed to Climate Change

Central Asia experienced an unprecedented heatwave in March 2025, with temperatures soaring to levels typically seen in late spring or summer. According to a new study by World Weather Attribution (WWA), cities across Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan recorded daytime highs near or above 30°C, far above the seasonal norm. In Kyrgyzstan's Jalalabad, the temperature peaked at 30.8°C, while Uzbekistan's Namangan and Fergana registered 29.4°C and 29.1°C, respectively. Kazakhstan’s Shahdara witnessed a nighttime low of 18.3°C, the hottest March night ever recorded in the country. Researchers from the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, the United States, and the United Kingdom examined the...

Renewable energy

Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan Partner on Caspian Green Energy Corridor

Ecology

Russian Eco-Blogger to Fund Forest Restoration in Northern Kazakhstan

Water

Kazakhstan to Receive 3.7 Billion Cubic Meters of Syr Darya Water in 2025

Green Economy

Kyrgyzstan to Improve Farmland Monitoring with EBRD and FAO Support

Environment

Kyrgyzstan to Plant 10 Million Trees in Issyk-Kul via Carbon Credit Initiative

Kyrgyzstan is set to launch Central Asia’s first large-scale tree-planting project funded through carbon credits, in a landmark move toward reducing its carbon footprint and expanding its role in global climate finance. The ambitious initiative aims to plant over 10 million trees across 25,000 hectares in the Issyk-Kul region, with the potential to attract up to $180 million in climate financing. The project was discussed on April 8 during a meeting between Adylbek Kasymaliyev, Chairman of Kyrgyzstan’s Cabinet of Ministers, and representatives of Valor Carbon, a UK-based firm specializing in climate finance. It will be implemented through the sale of...

EU-Central Asia Summit

European Investment Bank Commits €365 Million to Environmental Projects in Central Asia

At the first EU-Central Asia Summit, held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, on April 4, European Investment Bank (EIB) Vice-President Kyriacos Kakouris signed four memorandums of understanding with partners in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The agreements will direct €365 million in funding and are expected to unlock up to €1 billion in investment for sustainable transport, water management, and climate resilience initiatives across the region. The EIB is the long-term lending institution of the European Union. These agreements support the EU’s Global Gateway strategy, which aims to boost private sector development, improve transport and logistics infrastructure, and strengthen water management and environmental...

Environment

Uzbekistan Launches $153 Million Forest Restoration Project with World Bank Support

Uzbekistan, in collaboration with the World Bank, has launched a major initiative to restore forests and rehabilitate degraded lands across the country. The Uzbekistan Resilient Landscapes Restoration Project (RESILAND) was officially announced during the Samarkand Climate Forum on April 5. The World Bank will provide $153 million in funding, consisting of a combination of low-interest loans and grants. This initiative forms part of a broader regional strategy aimed at combating land degradation and enhancing climate resilience throughout Central Asia. RESILAND will initially target six provinces: Samarkand, Surkhandarya, Syrdarya, Jizzakh, Namangan, and Kashkadarya. Its objectives include forest restoration, improved land management,...

Aral Culture Summit

Culture, Climate, and Clean Water: Summit Outlines New Efforts to Restore the Aral Sea Region

From April 4 to 6, the first Aral Culture Summit took place in Karakalpakstan, bringing together local and international scientists, artists, and activists. Their goal: to find creative ways to support the social and environmental recovery of the Aral Sea region. The summit is the first in a series of global cultural initiatives taking place throughout 2025 and supported by Uzbekistan Art and Culture Development Foundation. Scheduled to be held every 18 months, the summit is designed to act as a space for exchanging ideas and building new solutions. This year’s program included panels, cultural events, and a pop-up market...

Kazakhstan’s Economy Receives Boost Amid Changing Tariff and Commodity Dynamics

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Features

Features

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Sunkar Podcast

Sunkar Podcast

Opinions

Opinions

Dr. Robert M. Cutler

Mohammad Suhail & A.X. Ravshanov

Nikola Mikovic

Business & Economy

Business & Economy

Kazakhstan’s Economy Receives Boost Amid Changing Tariff and Commodity Dynamics

Opinion: Kazakhstan’s Tax Reform May Come as an Unpleasant Surprise

Kazakhstan to Auction 50 Rare Metal Deposits in June 2025

ADB Forecasts Steady Economic Growth for Tajikistan Through 2026

Trump Tariffs: A Barrier for Kyrgyzstan, or an Opportunity?

Local Politics

Local Politics

Kyrgyz Security Agency Condemns Osh Mayor’s City Toll Plan

Kazakhstan Aims to Cut Civil Service to Curb Budget Spending

From Malnutrition to Water Scarcity: UN Identifies Key Threats to Food Security in Tajikistan

Kazakhstan Launches Digital Highway Assistance Service

Forced and Child Labor Persist in Turkmen Cotton Harvest, UN Experts Say

International Affairs

International Affairs

A New Great Game: Multipolar Competition in Central Asia

Why Europe Is Betting Big on Kazakhstan’s Future

Future of Radio Free Europe Uncertain as U.S. Agency Weighs Support

EU-Central Asia Summit Opens New Opportunities for Kazakhstan

A Historic Gathering: The First Central Asia-European Union Summit in Samarkand